John Walsh (b.c. 1876)

On 27 August 1973, Danny Dowling (1927-2023) interviewed Jack Walsh (1909-1985) of Tinnakilky, Piltown, regarding his apple orchard and the Bessborough Demense. The complete interview is below and any additional information not found in the interview has been placed in square brackets [   ].

By way of introduction, according to the National Diversity Data Centre there are 6,000 different varieties of apples in the world. Apples have been grown in Ireland for 3,000 years and where orchards once stood are reflected in Irish place names e.g. Oulart, Wexford and Knockullard, Carlow. The Irish Seed Savers in 2022 published their DNA work that concluded that there are 200 different Irish heritage varieties. Some date back 500 years (National Biodiversity Data Centre (2023) Traditional Orchards & Fruit Trees for Pollinators on the Farm (Series No. 32), p. 3.)   Thus, 53 years ago, long before these works, Danny Dowling interviewed a Kilkenny man about his traditional apple orchard that was cultivated by his grandfather in the 19th century.  

The Interview

Jack Walsh had a 10 acre apple orchard on his farm in Tinnakilly which contained 4,800 trees. It was planted in stages by his grandfather Ned Walsh who died in 1914 aged over 80 years. This whole orchard was cut down over the past couple of years and the present owner of the farm Jeremiah Forrest, of Slieverue bulldozed all the roots this year.

The cultivation of apples in the Piltown area was apparently started by the Ponsonby family in Bessborough. The principal apple growing townlands in Piltown are: Whitechurch; Tybroughney; Belline; Owning; Kilmanaghan; Jamestown; Tinnakilly; Ballinacroney; and Brenor. The area of this cultivation extending from Fiddown to Ballinacroney.

The Old Apple Varieties

Old varieties of apples which were cultivated in Jack Walsh’s orchard included:

DUNKITTS—a striped green dessert [apple]. Probably named from Dunkitt in Kilmacow Parish.
RED BRANDYS—a red, hard, sweet, eater.
STRIPED BRANDY—a hard, sweet, dessert [apple].
MALDEN’S BLUSH—a red striped nice eater.
KING’S PIPPIN—a yellowish dessert [apple].
SWEET WILLIAM—a small white striped eating apple.
BLOODHOUNDS—a red cooking [apple]. Very big. [According to Future Forest Nursery this apple was known as Bloody Butcher in the midlands].
CLEARHART—a cooking and eating variety. [According to Seed Savers it is traditional to Kilkenny and got its name from the large empty space at its heart.]
LEATHERJACKETS—a brown dessert [apple]
RUSSETTS—a small and hard eating variety. [It could] last until March.
FORBIDDEN FRUIT—a variety grown as a curiosity in Tinnakily by his grandfather, Ned Walsh. He got it in Bessborough. He had 3 trees that were grafted on whitethorn stocks. [It was] of no commercial value.

In later years, Bramley seedling and Newton Wonder were introduced. Large acreages were under cultivation in the Piltown area, but at the present time [1973] this area is diminishing.

Selling the Apples

Up to the time of the Second World War most of the orchards were let out to middlemen who picked and marketed the fruit. The owner only getting a small rent for the orchard. These middlemen or apple dealers were only exploiters and were in league with one another in order to get the orchards at a very cheap rate. They never bid against one another, and the same man usually got the same orchard year after year. As long as Jack Walsh can remember the highest amount ever paid for his ten acre orchard was £110 and sometimes as low as £40. The average he was paid was £60.

The first man to break this unfair monopoly was a North of Ireland man named Hanson, who bought the apples from the orchard owners by the barrel. He supplied the barrels, and collected them with two lorries. He disposed of the apples on the Dublin market. That was shortly before the 1939 war. [In reviewing newspapers from that era we found that prices were also impacted by the scarcity of apples. In July 1938, it was reported that fruit would be scarce. “The varied and unseasonable weather and the lack of sun and rain at the proper times, together with the sharp frost experienced, about six weeks or so ago, have caused a shortage of fruit. Reports indicate that there will be very few apples…Our representative when in the Piltown district this week had a chat with a prominent apple dealer, and was told that the apple crop would be small this year. He also gave the reason as due to the weather conditions two months ago such as frost, lack of rain etc.” (Munster Express, Fri. 8 July 1938, p. 2).]

During the 1939-1945 war [World War II] the prices paid per ton were:
cull apples–£26 and
first quality–£50 on average, but often £80.
At the present time [1973] cull apples only fetch £8 per ton.
The most Jack Walsh ever got off his ten acres was 35 tons of apples.

The trees in the old days were manured by farmyard dung, but in later years by potash. All the apples had to be handpicked. The Walsh’s did all their own grafting on to crab stocks, and at the time there was very little canker on the trees.

Tinnakilly Mill

There was a mill in Tinnakily for grinding corn,. It was owned by the O’Donnell family. Hearne now in the place, but the mill was gone before Jack Walsh’s time.

Bessborough Demesne

The stone wall surrounding the Bessborough Demesne was 3 Irish miles in length. The big house itself was burned during the Irish Troubles in the early twenties. The road from the big house up by Tinnakilly was known as the Avenue. A strip which ran alongside the entire distance of this road was used for galloping horses by the Bessborough family.

In the wood over Tinnakilly the Ponsonby’s had a rustic house where they used to drive up in their carriages and have picnics. [This rustic house sounds like a playhouse of the rich similar to the Swiss Cottage outside of Cahir, Tipperary. See Heritage Ireland including a short video featuring the Swiss Cottage.] The last of the Bessboroughs were good landlords, but some of the earlier ones according to tradition in the Piltown area, were not too good. There was a corn mill in Bessborough which is now demolished.

Apples Shown at Piltown Show

In addition to the varieties that Danny recorded above, in the 1965 Piltown Agricultural Show the following apple varieties were shown. Bramley (green); Bramley (crimson); Lane’s Prince Albert; Lord Derby; Worcester Pearmain; Laxton’s Superb; Allington Pippin; Ellison’s Orange; American Mother; Laxton’s Fortune; Cox’s Orange Pippin; Lord Lambourne; Laxton’s Epicure; Bowden’s Seedlings (Kilkenny Journal, Sat. 11 Sept. 1965, p. 7).

The Walsh Family of Tinnakilly

Jack’s grandfather who planted the apple orchard was Edmond Walsh (c.1838-1916) of Tinnakilly. In the 1911 Census he recorded that he was 78 years of age and a widower. Jack told Danny that his grandfather died in 1914. A review of the death register revealed that Edmond Walsh of Tinnakilly died 19 January 1916 at the age of 85. His son Pat Walsh was present at his death.  

In 1911, Edmond Walsh’s two sons John (40) and Patrick (32) were living with him. Also present in the house was John’s wife Mary Walsh née Comerford (36) as well and Edmond’s two grandsons: Edward Walsh (3) and John or Jack Walsh (2) (Danny’s interviewee). Edmond’s wife Mary Walsh née Morrissey died prior to 1901.

In the 1926 Census, Jack’s father John Walsh was the head of the house (50). Jack’s mother, Mary Walsh née Comerford (51) recorded that she had been born at Kilnaspic, Kilkenny. All the rest of the members of the 1926 household were born at Tinnakilly. This included Jack (17) and his brothers: Eddie Walsh (18) and Thomas Walsh (13).

On 29 November 1939 at Mullinavat Jack Walsh married Mary “Maureen” Aylward (c. 1915-1987) of Ballydaw, Mullinavat.  Jack’s father John was already dead. Maureen’s father was James Aylward (farmer). Jack and Maureen did not have any children. In the early 1970’s Jack sold the orchard and he and Maureen continued living in their home in Tinnakilly. They were described as a very nice couple and often visited with the Forrest family of Slieverue. Jack died in 1985 and Maureen died in 1987 at the age of 72.

Special thanks to Jerry Forrest for providing information on Jack Walsh and his wife Maureen Walsh née Aylward.

Please send any corrections, additional information or photos to glenmore.history@gmail.com .

Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh

The featured photo of an orchard above in courtesy of the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, The New York Public Library. (1860 – 1920). Orchard Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/e33ec530-c611-012f-6cca-58d385a7bc34 .