Rosbercon Co. Kilkenny
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Thomas K. Carr, Esq. (c. 1811-1869) of Castle Annaghs
Recently we toured Castle Annaghs, Rosbercon, (special thanks to the newlyweds Jason Shiely and his lovely Rathinure, Glenmore, bride, Eva née Roche). The Castle is in impressive shape for its age. I began performing a newspaper search of Castle Annaghs and stumbled upon Thomas K. Carr, Esq. (c. 1811-1869) of Castle Annaghs. He was at Castle Annaghs for twenty years commencing when he was about 19 and ending with his public emigration with his family from the quay in New Ross in 1850.
To put Thomas K. Carr, Esq. into context we shall briefly present his known siblings, parents and family connections as well as a few early newspaper articles.
Parents of Thomas K. Carr, Esq. (c. 1811-1869)
Edward Carr (c. 1780-1857) and Maria Keogh/Kough (c. 1791-1874) lived primarily in Arnestown township about 3 km from New Ross. Per the Ossory, Ferns, Leighlin Dioceses Maria Kough and Edward Carr obtained a marriage license in 1808. (Indexes to Wills, Probate Administration, Marriage Bonds and Licences, 1591-1866).
We could not verify who Maria’s father was although the Keogh/Kough families of New Ross were merchants and held land interests. During the 1798 Rebellion the Kough warehouses on the Quay of New Ross housed British troops after the Battle of New Ross.
Edward Carr and his wife, Maria Keogh had 11 children according to the testimony of their eldest son Edward Carr, Jr. (Munster Express, Fri. 25 July 1874, p. 5). The Carr family was Protestant, so most dates of birth etc. have been gleaned from surviving Church of Ireland records, or contemporary newspapers. Thomas Kough Carr was born circa 1811 at Arnestown, Co. Wexford, into an Anglo-Irish landed gentry family. His family enjoyed extensive ties to local property, the Church of Ireland and civic roles across Wexford and Kilkenny.
Thomas K. Carr’s Siblings
The known children of Edward Carr and his wife, Maria Keogh include:
[1] Edward Carr (c. 1809-1892) became a solicitor. He married Sarah Drake in 1833. They resided in Camolin, Co. Wexford.
[2] Thomas Kough Carr (c. 1811-1869) married Jane Kough in 1837. They lived at Castle Annaghs until the summer of 1850.
[3] George Whitmore Carr (c. 1814-1886) married Mary Kough in 1848.
[4] Rev. Elliott Elmes Carr (c. 1818-1908) Rector of Rathsaran. Married Anne Sydney Watson in 1850.
[5] Elizabeth Carr married Rev. Thomas Uniacke Townsend, Hilltown, Co. Down (Belfast Newsletter, Tues. 23 Apr. 1839, p. 2).
[6] William Wallis Carr (c. 1816-1895). Was a married and they resided on Priory St. New Ross. He was a merchant and died aged 79, on 31 March 1895.
[7] Dr. Jonas King Carr (c.1820-1907) It is alleged that Jonas was born 29 July 1820, but we could not verify this date. It is alleged that he married three times. An obituary entitled “Death of Rossman in England” was published in the New Ross Standard, (Fri. 15 March 1907, p. 5). “We regret to announce says the Gloucester Echo to announce the death at the age of 87 of Deputy Surgeon General Jonas King Carr, MD, FRCSI which took place at his residence, 11 Hatterly Place, Cheltenham, on the 11th March. The deceased gentleman, who was born in 1820, joined the medical department of the army as assistant surgeon on the 24th June, 1886 (sic). He was for many years attached to the 25th Regiment, (King’s Own Borderers), and next in the 32nd Regiment (the Cornwalls). He was subsequently at Woolwich Hospital. The deceased gentleman was the sixth son of the late Edward Carr, Arnestown, uncle of the present Mr. George Carr, Ardross, a kinsman of the celebrated pioneer of temperance of that name.”
[8] Nicholas Grifford Carr (c. 1821-1903) married 6 August 1885 at Ballylane House, New Ross, Elizabeth (Lizzie) Vero, the eldest daughter of Christopher Vero, Esq., of Ballybrennan, Co. Wexford (Dublin Daily Express, Sat. 8 Aug. 1885, p. 1). At his death in 1903, at the age of 81, he was described as a gentleman farmer with an address of Arnestown Cottage. Present at his death was Charles W. Carr of Priory St., New Ross.
[9] Henry Carr (c. 1825-1867) died on 18 January 1867 at his home at Frankfort Avenue, Rathgar. He was the youngest son of the late Edward Carr, Esq., of New Ross (Carlow Sentinel, Sat. 26 Jan. 1867, p. 3). In 1871, William Wallis Carr brought a suit against Gifford Carr, the executor of Henry Carr’s Estate (Wexford Independent, Wed. 26 July 1871, p. 3).
[10] Sarah Carr
[11] Eliza Carr
For earlier generations of the family see the incomplete family tree at wiki trees.
Newspaper Articles from the 1830’s
The Cork Constitution (4 Dec. 1834, p. 4) published an article that appears to indicate that Edward Carr held land interests in Kilkenny near Castle Annaghs. “On the morning of the 26th, as two bailiffs employed by Edward Carr, Esq., of New Ross, (A most indulgent landlord) was driving for rent, part of which has unpaid for the last six years, they were brutally assaulted by a number of persons. They were obliged to make a precipitate retreat. This outrage took place in view of the fatal Shambo County Kilkenny, where the unfortunate Leonard was murdered whose only crime was an attempt to recover a lawful debt; and where the hired assassin, Malone, and the conspirator Meany expiated their guilt to the offended law of their country (Wexford Conservative).” See our post of 9 Feb. 2020 regarding the murder of Catholic landlord Joseph Leonard.
The following year an article appeared in the Freeman’s Journal (10 Nov. 1835 p. 4) concerning a young Henry Carr (c. 1825-1867) who appears to have traveled alone on the river steamer from Waterford.
“On Saturday evening a man of the name of David Kearney, who was coachman to Edward Carr, Esq., of Arnestown, was sent by his master, to Ross, which is distant about a mile from his place, with a pair of horses to meet and take up his Mr Carr’s youngest son, aged about 9 years, who was returning by steam packet from Waterford to Ross. When about halfway from Ross the coachman alighted to recover his hat, which had fallen, but being exceedingly drunk, he was unable to remount or proceed on foot. On seeing this the child apprehending that the unfortunate man might be injured by the horses, most prudently and thoughtfully pursued his way home taking with him the two horses. On his arrival he dispatched a man to take care of the servant and bring him home. Michael Dunphy, the man so sent, on arriving at the place, found the unfortunate Kearney just taken out of the ditch by two policemen, where it is supposed he had fallen and been suffocated.
“We forbore communicating this earlier, waiting for an account of the inquest that would be held on the body by the Sovereign of New Ross, who, by virtue of his office is coroner for the borough; but on enquiry we found that the police officer at New Ross, Mr. Hutton, never either reported the circumstances to the Sovereign, or took the necessary steps to prevent the body being interred until the inquisition was held on it. We think that such palpable neglect on the part of a public officer, ought to be inquired into, as the men who found the deceased reported the circumstance to him in half an hour after it occurred (Wexford Independent).”
Castle Annaghs
In the late 1790’s a wealthy wine merchant from Cadiz, Edward Joseph Murphy, bought Castle Annaghs and its demesne. Murphy then proceeded to build the large and imposing Georgian mansion on the hill overlooking the Castle and Barrow. When Murphy fell into debt his creditors sought his assets. Murphy is thought to have died c. 1842.
George Kough became a tenant of Castle Annagh’s under the Chancery Court at least by 1822. A notice was published in January 1825 stating that the house and demesne with 300 arable acres would be let for three years as George Kough’s lease was ending on 25 March 1825 (Waterford Mail, Wed. 9 Jan. 1825, p. ).
It is not clear exactly when Thomas K. Carr, Esq. took up residence at Castle Annaghs, but in 1836 Miss Sarah Fitzgerald filed a notice as lessee, “against the casual ejector” of her intention to let by public auction at Shanahan’s Hotel, New Ross, the House and Demesne of Castle Annaghs, “being part of the Manor of Mount Boyle, otherwise Forstalstown, situate in the Barony of Ida, and County of Kilkenny, as now held by Mr. Thomas Carr” (Dublin Evening Post, Tues. 6 Sept. 1836, p. 1).
The lands were comprised of 335 Irish acres (or 536 statute acres). The term of the lease was 3 years, “provided Miss Fitzgerald’s interest shall so long last.” Two solvent persons were required to join the tenant in the lease as security for the rent (Dublin Evening Post, Tues. 6 Sept. 1836, p. 1).
Marriage
When Thomas K. Carr married on 9 January 1837, his address was Castle Annaghs. His bride was Jane Keough, the only daughter of George Keough, Esq., of Chilcomb Lodge, Rosbercon (Evening Freeman, Tues. 17 Jan. 1837, p. 1). The couple were married in St. Patrick’s Church of Ireland, Waterford City, and it was noted that Jane was from St. John’s Parish, Church of Ireland. It is not clear if his new father-in-law was the George Kough who held the Castle Annaghs lease until 1825. It is not clear whether the bride and groom were related.
Chilcomb Lodge
George Kough in 1841 advertised in the Waterford Mirror (Sat. 20 March 1841, p. 1) the sale or lease of the house, offices, gardens and demesne of Chilcomb Lodge, situated on the River Barrow, nearly opposite to and within 5 minutes’ walk of the town of New Ross.
“The house etc. built in the most substantial manner, within the last three years, and upon which a sum upwards of fifteen hundred pounds has been expended, is replete with every convenience for the accommodation of a respectable family, and the demesne consists of seventy-one acres of prime land, with a frontage to the river of upwards of seventeen hundred feet, and depth of water sufficient for vessels of large burdens. The situation is unrivalled for the beauty of the surrounding scenery. To be duly appreciated must be seen. For particulars apply to Thomas Tisdall, Esq., 73 Upper Baggot-street, Dublin; Robert W. Cherry, Solicitor, Waterford; or George Kough, Chilcomb Lodge, New Ross.”
Resignation from Castle Annaghs
The Carlow Sentinel (Sat. 16 Sept 1848, p.1) advertised a “strictly unreserved auction at Castle Annaghs for Thomas Keogh Carr, Esq. “who is obliged to resign possession of his farms, they being about to be sold under the Courts.”
Auction 1 (1848)
Strictly Unreserved Auction
AT CASTLE ANNAGHS, CO. KILKENNY Of Pure Short Horn Cattle, Weight Carrying Hunters, Young Horses, Thoroughbred Stallion, Sheep, Vehicles, etc.
JAMES MARSHALL has been highly favoured with positive instructions from Thomas Keogh Carr Esq. (who is obliged to resign possession of his farms, they being about to be sold under the Courts), to sell by strictly unreserved auction, at Castle Annaghs, County Kilkenny, within ten miles of Waterford and one of New Ross,
On THURSDAY, the 21st day of SEPTEMBER, the following valuable property:
40 Very handsome young cows and heifers;
11 Two year old heifers, in calf;
18 Choice Yearling Heifers;
32 Promising calves;
15 One and two year old bullocks;
1 Two year old Bull, “Atlas” by “Woolman” out of “Cranberry.”
1 Two year old bull, very highly bred;
2 Very highly bred yearling bulls:
2 Bull calves.
The above justly celebrated herd of cattle are from stock imported at great expense from the most eminent breeders of Short Horns in England; they possess great milking qualities, with good size, early maturity, and all the other necessary essentials for which this breed are so universally prized.
PEDIGREE OF EACH BEAST WILL BE GIVEN AT SALE.
LEICESTER SHEEP
30 Two year old Wedders;
70 Two year old Ewes;
40 Lambs;
5 Ram lambs;
6 Rams, one and two year olds.
HORSES
No. 1, Thoro’bred English racehorse, “Plato,” 6 years old, got by “Sweet Anchor,” out of Vesper, by Vehcepeds.
No. 2, Grey horse, “Badger,” a well known first rate hunter.
No. 3, Bay mare, 6 years old, by King William, a trained hunter, with great speed.
No. 4, Powerfully strong chestnut horse, by Welcome, able to carry 15 stones with hounds.
No. 5, Handsome strong bay mare, by Doncaster, 4 off, a magnificent fencer.
No. 6, Bay Colt, four years old, by Doncaster a trained hunter, very strong.
No. 7, A superior hunter for 13 stone, with any foxhounds, he is got by Vestria, out of Goblet’s dam.
No. 8, Three year old bay colt, by Doncaster.
No. 9, do do by Blacklock.
No. 10, Yearly colt by Blacklock.
No. 11, Yearly filly by Doncaster.
No. 12, Very promising colt foal by Plato.
No. 13, & 14 Two celebrated brood mares stinted to Pluto, pedigree at sale.
No. 15 Very stout cob pony, 6 off, quiet to ride and very fast in harness.
The horses can by inspected by a Veterinary Surgeon, (if required) any time prior to sale.
VEHICLES
Doubled bodied open phaeton, fashionable tax cart, modern outside car, with patent axles etc.
Terms Cash, or accepted Bills at 3 months, with stamp, and interest added, for any sum over £20. The commission of 5 per cent to be paid by the purchaser in addition to their bidding. JAMES MARSHALL, AUCTIONEER, 96 George St., Limerick, who must approve all bills intended to be passed prior to sale. Mr Marshall as usual will be happy to attend to such Commissions as may be entrusted to him.
Auction 2 (1850)
The second unreserved auction was advertised in the Waterford Mail (Wed. 24 April 1850, p. 3).
Strictly Unreserved AUCTION at CASTLE ANNAGHS, County Kilkenny; upwards of 70 head of valuable and highly bred short horn Durham stock; 20 horses; variety of farming implements of the most improved construction; entire household furniture, and numerous miscellaneous articles etc.
MR. JOHN WALSH has been favoured by THOMAS K. CARR (who is about to leave the country) to sell by auction at CASTLE ANNAGHS, County, Kilkenny, within 10 miles of Waterford, and 1 of New Ross, on Monday, the 20th day of April, 1850, and following days.
SHORT-HORN STOCK
25 highly bred Durham Cows, calved and to calve—4 dry and 2 fat cows. 3 Year old Durham Bull, by Sir Charles—2 yearling bulls, by Atlas—6 two year old heifers—10 yearlings—7 two year old bullocks—3 yearling do—19 heifer calves—9 bull ditto. Pedigree of each will be given at sale.
HORSES
Thoro’bred English race horse PLUTO, by Sheet Anchor; dam Vespers by Velocipede. Five year old hunter by Elvas; six year old do. By Middlethoope, dam by Empress, grand-dam by Old President. Seven year old Roadster and Harness Horse. Grey horse, 9 years old, beautifully trained to carry a lady. The horses can be inspected by a Veterinary Surgeon (if required) at any time prior to sale.
BROOD MARES
Harriet, supposed thoro’bred, with a colt foal at her foot. Taglioni, thoro’bred mare, by Giles, out of Spencer’s dam, in foal to New Fashion. Mare by Liverpool, sire of Lanercost. Three year old Mare by Concaster; dam, harriet, a foal at her foot. Three year old colt by Blacklock, dam by Liverpool. Two year old colt by Plato, dam by Franey. Yearling by Pluto, dam Harriet. Yearly by Despise, dam Taglioni. Useful family horse, 7 years old. 5 good farming horses.
FARMING IMPLEMENTS etc.
4 horse threshing machine, churning ditto, 2 winnowing machines; 2 hay cutters; drill machine; drill machine; turnip slicer; 4 rollers; Finlayson’s harrow; 2 scufflers; 2 double mould-board ploughs; 8 iron ploughs; 9 new carts; 3 drays; 6 double harrows; 2 iron corn stands; set of forge tools; corn separator; dairy utensils for 50 cows; farm harness, complete for 9 horses; with a great variety of miscellaneous articles.
Covered car with parent axles; London built gig; pony phaeton; light tax cart; 3 sets of jaunting car and gig harness, with saddles, bridles etc. About 150 barrels of heavy oats, with 20 ditto in stack; about 20 barrels of horse beans; a large quantity of upland and marsh hay; large heaps of farm yard manure; quantity of grass seeds, straw and seasoned timber.
Pianoforte, with additional keys, by Broadwood; kitchen range, by Turner; mangle; forcing pump; a gabbard, gig, and pram. A well broke pointer and two brace of young black setters. 1 highly bred Berkshire sow; 1 sow with 9 young ones; 1 fat pig.
The cattle and horses will be sold the first day.
Terms—CASH, or approved bills at 3 months with interest and stamp, for any sum over £20. Commission of 5 per cent, to be paid by the purchaser. Sale to commence each day at eleven o’clock. NB—the brood mares and young horses are well worth the attention of any sporting man.
Emigration from New Ross Quay
By 1850 Thomas K. Carr and his wife Jane (née Kough) had three children.
[1] Edward Kough Carr (c. 1838-1907)
[2] George Thomas Carr (c. 1840-1881) and
[3] Hannah Cornelia “Nina” Carr (c. 1843-1912).
It was widely reported regarding this families’ emigration from the Quay in New Ross. Perhaps it was due to the fact that the famine had caused the poorest to flee if they could flee. Here was a family of some standing and resources that chose to leave. Although Thomas K. Carr was a landlord he was also a tenant to the courts during his tenure at Castle Annaghs.
“Immigration—The ship Triton sailed from port of New Ross last week for Quebec with 350 emigrants of a more wealthy and respectable class than ever left that Quay. The state cabin was occupied by Thomas K. Carr, Esq. and family. Mr. Carr rented Castle Annaghs in the county Kilkenny, for the last 20 years, under the Court of Chancery and was considered one of the best practical farmers in Ireland. Castle Annaghs was recently purchased by a Dublin gentleman, not only had Mr. Carr to pay him the dead half year, but was obliged to pay six weeks rent in addition—say from the 25th of March to the 3d of May, the day on which possession was taken. Such acts, in these times, are sufficient to drive many as well as Mr. Carr out of this country” (Wexford Independent, Sat. 29 June 1850, p. 2). The same article was published in several Irish newspapers including Freeman’s Journal, Wed. 3 July 1850, p. 3].
Next week we will trace the Thomas K. Carr family from Quebec.
Please send any corrections, additional information or photos to glenmore.history@gmail.com
The featured drawing above is Castle Annaghs from the Dublin Penny Journal of 30 Jan. 1836 . It was drawn during the time Thomas K. Carr, Esq. was in occupation of the estate.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Building the Railway: Glenmore Man’s Remains Unearthed & Another Man Injured
The New Ross Standard, of Friday 27 Feb. 1903 (p. 5) published a sensational article concerning skeletal remains unearthed in Rosbercon on Monday the 23rd of February 1903. While excavating a sewer under the newly laid railway crossing “well preserved bones of what must have been a largely built man when in the flesh.” The same article appeared within days in the Wicklow People (Sat. 28 Feb. 1903) and the Enniscorthy Guardian (Sat 28 Feb. 1903). It was not carried apparently by any of the national papers.
The Centennial Controversy
As the 100th anniversary of the 1798 Rebellion approached the old tales and rumours concerning Glenmore man William Gaffney, and his alleged betrayal at the Battle of New Ross, surfaced and led to his headstone in Kilivory (Kilmakevogue) cemetery being broken by vandals. Danny Dowling (1927-2021) in his article entitled “South-east Kilkenny in 1798 and the Role of William Gaffney,” (Decies (Sept. 1983, vol. 24) pp. 14-19)) sarcastically labeled the gravestone vandals “patriots.” For further information on Glenmore in 1798 see our post of 22 February 2020.
Some descendants of William Gaffney were still residing in Glenmore in 1898 and challenged several of the published attacks on their ancestor. Eight decades later, Danny was so impressed with Brigid M. Gaffney’s letter of 28 May 1898 to the New Ross Standard, that he published it in his Decies article. The ear bashing she delivered in 1898 is perhaps the reason the New Ross Standard in its 1903 article stated that it had no desire to hurt anyone’s feelings. For further information on the Gaffney family see our post of 21 August 2023.
“GAFNEY OF GLENMORE, HIS REMAINS UNEARTHED”
SENSATIONAL DISCOVERY AT ROSBERCON. A sensational discovery, which has aroused much public interest, was made at Rosbercon on Monday. A man named Dillon, whilst excavating a sewer-way under the railway crossing, unearthed the well-preserved bones of what must have been a largely-built man when in the flesh. There was evidence of considerable quantity of lime about the remains.
Now whose remains could these be? The “oldest inhabitant” cannot say with certainty. The body of a man could not have got there by accident. How then? It is conjectured, and the belief is strongly held in the locality, that the remains are those of Gafney, of Glenmore, who figured prominently, and to say the least, doubtfully, in the dark days of New Ross in the year 1798, when a brave and glorious, though unsuccessful, struggle was made by the county Wexford insurgents for civil and religions liberty.
We have no desire now to hurt the feelings of anyone, but the discovery of Monday, and the very circumstantial account told, and the widely accepted deduction made, necessitates our reverting to what must be a painful recital to some people. The battle at New Ross, though admittedly one of the most brilliant of the series on the part of the insurgents, was nevertheless the Waterloo of the insurrection, and, like Waterloo, will be rightly or wrongly associated with betrayal. Gafney, of Glenmore, an athletic man, and the leader of the Kilkenny insurgents, had his men nested at Tinneranny before the battle of Ross, and while the engagement was taking place, he moved by a circuitous route towards Glenmore.
His answer for failing to come to the fray was that he did not get the proper signal from Corbet Hill. A few days after the battle he fell into the hands of the military, and was taken to Rosbercon, and there court martialled and shot nearly opposite the very modern castle, and his remains were interred in quick-lime at some some point between the place of execution and the river. We thus see it is very possible that the remains now found are those of the ill-fated Gafney, who, at any rate, can scarcely be acquitted of cowardice.
The key stone of an arch supposed to belong to the old monastery in Rosbercon was found at the head of the remains, which were only about two feet under the footway as one turns into the station from the river side. By the way, the stone in question has been annexed by Paddy Lee, the Boat Club caretaker for the curiosity of the members of that institution.
Unfortunately, the New Ross Standard did not report on what happened to the skeletal remains.
The Glenmore Grave
Danny stated in 2020 that the remains found in Rosbercon were buried in the Gaffney grave in Kilivory (Kilmakevoge) cemetery. No newspaper coverage of this burial could be located, and what steps the authorities took to identify the remains is not known. This event took place long before DNA or other modern forensics. If the remains showed gunshot damage as alleged in the 1903 article it is unlikely the skeleton belonged to William Gaffney. Gaffney in contemporary accounts was hanged not shot by the British in 1798.
The old headstone erected by William Gaffney’s widow still stands with repairs clearly visible. On the grave itself paving like squares, apparently concrete, were added and Danny opined in 2020 that they may have been added to stop further disturbances to the grave.
The marker is inscribed:
Erected by Bridget Gafney alias Dunphy
in memory of her husband Will'm Gafney
who dep'd this life June ye 13th 1798 aged
36 years
Also his father Mich'l Gafney who dep'd
this life Sept ye 26th 1783
Another Railway Injury
In searching for newspaper accounts regarding the remains we came across another serious injury connected with the building of the railway extension line through Glenmore.
On Thursday, the 5th of March, Michael Knox, Nicholastown, Co. Kilkenny, was admitted to the Waterford County Infirmary suffering from severe injuries to the head and face. His injuries were caused by the premature explosion of a blasting charge on the New Ross to Waterford railway extension (Munster Express, Sat. 7 March 1903, p. 5).
Please send any further information or corrections to glenmore.history@gmail.com. The featured photo above was taken yesterday of the Gaffney grave at Kilivory (Kilmakevoge) Glenmore.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
A Glenmore Monday Mystery: A Wayside Cross?
While searching for information for a reader, we came across the following interesting short article in the Limerick Reporter in 1850 that mentions Glenmore.
“There are very few “wayside Crosses” in Tipperary, which is extraordinary, when we consider the many religious monuments it contains in the ruins of Holy Cross, Athassel, the Rock of Cashel etc. The largest crosses of this kind we have ever beheld are Kilcullen, County Kildare, and another between Glenmore and Rosspercon (sic), County Kilkenny” (Limerick Reporter, Tues. 9 July 1850, p. 2).
In Ireland there are a variety of roadside memorials or death markers. Wayside crosses were erected from the early 17th century and were often like headstones with the name of the deceased and date of death provided. Many of the county archaeological inventories document wayside crosses (Una MacConville and Regina McQuillan (2005) “Continuing the Tradition: Roadside Memorials in Ireland,” 19(1) Archaeology Ireland 26, p. 28). The wayside crosses were made of almost any durable material from metal to stone and ranged from simple crosses carved on roadside large stones to imposing Celtic crosses cut by masons. The early wayside crosses were the memorials for the affluent.
An 1865 article in the Kilkenny Moderator explains further. “It was an ancient custom to plant skeoghs, or white thorn trees, on places deemed of a sacred character, or where lives had been lost. Modernly these skeoghs are frequently known as ‘Monument Trees.’ They were to the poor of bygone times what the wayside crosses were to the rich—the memorial which invited a prayer for the soul of the person in honour of whom they had been there placed or planted” (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 4 Feb. 1865, p. 2).
Is anyone aware of a “wayside cross” in or around Glenmore-Rosbercon or heard where the wayside cross referenced in 1850 used to reside?
Please post your comments, ideas or memories below or send to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
Thank you for your help in solving this mystery.
The featured photo is a road in Glenmore Parish.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Old Rural Recreation: Faction Fighting
Danny Dowling interviewed and recorded some interesting information from elderly residents of Glenmore concerning some of the other business transacted during and after fairs and markets–faction fights. To try to put this information in context some general information on faction fighting is first provided.
Faction Fighting
Faction fighting was where large groups of rural men, and sometimes women, would meet to engage in fighting. The faction could be comprised of extended or allied families or persons from the same parish or townland. It is commonly understood that the practice continued until shortly before the Famine when reforms to the police and judicial systems and Father Theobald Matthew’s temperance crusade impacted on it. This pacification movement was also endorsed by Daniel O’Connell and the Catholic Association (Owens, p. 537). Expressions of concern over faction fighting at this time usually had more to do with the image projected than with injuries or deaths resulting from the fights. As long as the Irish could be portrayed as drunken barbarians bashing each other for fun all economic or political hardships could be blamed on the Irish character. However, “even at its worst the level of violence in Ireland was less than that of England” (Conly, p. 67).
Notwithstanding the efforts to stop faction fighting it re-surged after the Famine. Nineteenth century fiction and materials in the folklore archives at UCD suggest that faction fighting was an immensely popular and violent pastime (Thuente, p. 136) and its legend lived on in oral histories recorded in the twentieth century. Faction fighting was often viewed as a sort of release valve that prevented less controlled kinds of violence, and there were not many actual deaths relative to the enormous number of participants (Thuente, p. 137).
Carolyn Conley conducted a study based upon a Return of Outrages prepared by the R.I.C which listed the 1,932 reported homicides between 1866 and 1892 (occurring outside of the metropolitan area of Dublin), newspaper accounts of the killings and court documents. The author concluded that there was tolerance for recreational violence as displayed in faction fights among judges, jurors, police and journalists, witnesses and even victims. Recreational violence was not a form of misplaced resistance by an oppressed rural population, but a form of sport (Conley, p. 60). After the famine with more prosperity more assaults took place. “It was in the most prosperous areas of the countryside that the violent traditions were longest lived” (Conley, p. 58). The goal was not to injure or kill but to participate in a mutual display of skill and strength. Forty-one percent of all Irish homicides (outside of Dublin) between 1866 and 1892 were recreational in origin (Conley, p. 59).
“A formal faction fight, which might involve hundreds of men on each side, usually began with the ritual of wheeling which included chants, stylized gestures and insults. The traditional wheel included the name of the person(s) issuing the challenge as well as the intended opponent” (Conley, p. 60). There were two recognised acts that signified consent to the fight. The wheel and the removal of one’s coat (Conley, p. 61). While wheels might include insults or references to past grievances, a challenge to see who was the better man would suffice for consent. Women who engaged in “the sport” took the same pride in their prowess as their men (Conley, p. 62).
“In keeping with the recreational aspect of fighting there were rules. Though supporting one’s comrades was expected, in most cases justice required roughly even sides…ganging up was not acceptable…nor was continuing to pummel a defeated opponent” (Conley, p. 61). Due to the fact that the participants had to consent to engage in the fight there were numerous instances where onlookers and witnesses expressed to the authorities that they were not in fear when a faction fight commenced, thus making a conviction for riot impossible. Acceptable weapons included: fists, feet, teeth, stones and sticks. Two and a half percent of the homicide victims in Conley’s study died from kicks and five from infected bites (Conley, p. 62).
The most popular venues for recreational fighting were fairs, markets, and races. “One hundred people died as a result of brawls in these settings, but only a third of the killers served any jail time and only nine served more than two years” (Conley, p. 65). “Brawls were such an integral part of wakes” that even deaths did not make the incidents serious to authorities. Not one person was convicted in any of the fourteen homicides that occurred at wakes and funerals (p. 65). Even in twenty-one cases in which innocent bystanders were killed, deaths from brawls were considered regrettable but not serious. Twenty-six children were killed from injuries sustained in brawls. Only seven of the killers served any jail time at all. Only four people were sentenced to more than two years for the death of a bystander. The brawling tradition began so early in life that a quarter of the children less than sixteen years of age (killed by non-relatives) were killed by another child under the age of sixteen.
Danny Dowling Interviews
On the 22nd of May 1964 Danny Dowling interviewed Nicholas Forristal (1888-1979) of Graiguenakill, Glenmore. Nicky the Miller recalled hearing that the fair or market held at Nash in Wexford had two families that were great faction fighters, the Gunnups and Quigleys. In one of the factions was a family with eleven brothers and one sister. On one of the fair days the sister said—“There is twelve o’clock and not a stroke struck yet. She had a stone in her stocking and she started the melee by striking one of the opposition.” Nicky informed Danny that a stone in the stocking was a dangerous weapon.
Nicky stated that there were various Glenmore factions during nineteenth century at about the time his father was born in 1849 “Grants had upper side of parish, and Paddy Merrigan of Milltown, was the leader of another from the Jamestown side.” A member of the Merrigan faction was Paddy “the Weaver” Walsh from Glenmore Village. Paddy “the Weaver” Walsh cut, prepared, and seasoned the sticks used as weapons by the Merrigan faction.
“On a certain occasion in Glenmore Village before the pubs were out of it, there was a wake in Hanrahan’s house in the Village (alongside Fluskey’s). As the pub was closing members of the rival factions started drifting into the wake. It was a lovely night. Paddy the Weaver was at the wake and someone said to him it was a fine night and he replied, ‘It is a fine night but I think it will be a bloody morning.’ He was anticipating a big row.” Danny Dowling noted that the Glenmore parish priest in about 1870 caused the three Glenmore pubs to close and Glenmore parish remained dry for nearly 100 years making it a very unique Village. Hanrahan’s house in the Village where the wake was being held was the house where Danny Dowling was born in 1927.
Nicky said people were very crude and backward then, and when they got a few pints they deliberately set out to create rows. “The order of the day then was to return home from fairs and hooleys with blood all over you. That was held to be a sign that you were a good man.” Nicky stated that “Watt Power, of Jamestown, was an awful man for rising rows.” He always believed in having blood on him before returning home. He and his wife had a shebeen for awhile where Dick Whelan was living in 1964. “Watt used tell sometime that he had been fighting with Phil Dyháwdin from around Ross. Phil DyhAwdin was renowned as a fierce fighter. Watt, of course, never had anything to do with him.”
James McDonald, of Ballyfacey, Glenmore was interviewed by Danny Dowling on the 11th of June 1970. James reported that Big Jack Ryan of Knockhouse, Kilmacow, was the first of the Ryans to come to Guilcogh, Tullogher to where Richie Ryan was located in 1970. It was due to faction fighting that Big Jack Ryan went to Guilcogh. The Norris family, of Guiclogh, “were the leaders of a great faction fighting team and always won their combats. As they were getting on a bit, they felt that they could not last much longer at the top. Jack Ryan was a great big man and was a renowned faction fighter, so Norris said that if he could get Ryan, he would continue to win the faction fights. Norris therefore got Ryan, brought him to Guilcogh and got him married to his daughter. Ryan had three sons with this Norris girl. She died on the birth of the fourth child. After Ryan joined the Norris faction team it continued to win fights for a long period.
James McDonald stated that after his first wife died Ryan married a girl named Long and had more children. Ryan was said to have divided the farm to each of his four children from his first wife. Each of the four children received ten acres of land. The land allocated to each was too small to support a family. The four children asked their father to give them each four pounds in order for them all to go to America. Ryan gave the four children the money. The four children emigrated to America. The land reverted to Ryan and he divided it among the children he had by his second wife. Unfortunately, in reviewing early parish records the only marriage that could be located between a Ryan and Norris was in 1860 where Thomas Ryan married Margaret Norris in Guilcogh on 12 June 1860.
On the 16th of January 1956, Walter Power (c. 1888-1961) of Jamestown, Glenmore shared with Danny Dowling a poem that the elderly residents of Glenmore recited when he was a lad. It alleges that the first faction fight in Old Ireland was “all on account of St. Patrick’s Day.”
Some fought for the eighth, For the ninth some would die, And whoever said wrong, They would blacken his eye, Until Father Mulcahy, he told them their sin, He said boys don’t be fighting but sometimes combine, Don’t be always disputing about 8 and 9, Combine 8 and 9, 17 is the mark, And let that be his birthday, Amen said the Clerk.
Ironically, the last known faction fight involving Glenmore participants, that Danny Dowling identified, was reported in the New Ross Standard, just a day after St. Patrick’s day in 1893. Fourteen persons, including a woman, were arrested for the faction fight that occurred in Rosbercon after the New Ross fair. According to the newspaper account the court was packed with spectators for the trial of the faction fighters.
If anyone has any corrections or additional information please send it to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
[Additional information from Peter Walsh of Rathinure, Glenmore 20 May 2021–Maths and Irish Teacher, at Good Counsel College of New Ross, Mr. Toby Kavanagh, collected Irish folklore and told his students in 1969/1970 that the shillelagh black thorn sticks used in faction fights were coated in goose greese and put up the chimney for the smoke to harden them.]
The featured drawing is entitled “The Kilkenny Election,” published in the Graphic on 17 Dec. 1890 (p. 723) and depicts a scene at Castlecomer where Parnell was present when “a regular good old fashion faction fight began.” (c) The British Library Board.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Carolyn Conley (1999) “The Agreeable Recreation of Fighting,” 33(1) Journal of Social History 57-72.
Gary Owens, (1997) “A Moral Insurrection: Faction Fighters, Public Demonstrations and the O’Connellite Campaign, 1828” 30(12) Irish Historical Studies 513-541.
Mary Helen Thuente (1985) “Violence in Pre-Famine Ireland: The Testimony of Irish Folklore and Fiction Author(s),” 15(2) Irish University Review 129-147.