Florence Ivory (1906-1969)

The Civil War continued in November 1922 with intended and unintended consequences. In Dublin four men were executed by the Irish Free State for being in possession of handguns, but the most famous execution that month was Erskine Childers. Today, we are going to feature local events that were published in local newspapers in November 1922. In addition to the usual Glenmore train robberies, Hanrahan’s “grocery establishment” in Glenmore Village was raided by Irregulars. It was reported that the value of the items stolen was £10 (Kilkenny People, Sat. 4 Nov. 1922, p. 7).

The Civil War Locally

In general, there were less reported attacks on barracks during the month of November. However, the attacks on infrastructure such as bridges and railways continued. On Saturday the 28^th of October at about 8 p.m. the National Troops stationed at Thomastown were attacked by a party of Irregulars. The shots appeared to be coming from all directions. A large number of people were on the streets at the time and fled into shops and private homes The garrison vigorously returned fire which continued for about twenty minutes. “While the firing lasted there was much consternation amongst women and children, many had to walk two miles to their homes.” On Sunday night at about 11 p.m. the garrison was again attacked from the heights overlooking the town. The shooting continued for about 10 minutes. “Beyond a few bullet marks on some of the houses there was no harm done” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 3 Nov. 1922, p. 8).

There were also less reports of arrests, however two boys were arrested in New Ross. A boy named Brady of Cross Lane, was arrested by National Troops in North street. It was reported that when Brady was searched despatches were found inside his shirt. He was detained. On the same day a boy named Dougherty, of Rosbercon, was arrested, and the troops searched his house and found, it is alleged, some uniforms belonging to the Fianna. He was released that evening (New Ross Standard, Fri. 3 Nov. 1922, p. 5). There were some escapes reported. Locally, Thomas Ryan, Bonnybrook, Thomastown, escaped from the Kilkenny Military Barracks on Sunday night and was recaptured by National troops at Gowran (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Nov 1922, p. 7). Accidents also continued. Volunteer Michael Bowe of the Irish National Army accidently shot himself through his big toe on his right foot. He was on sentry duty at the Waterford bridge at the time of the shooting. He was taken to Ballybricken prison hospital for treatment (Munster Express, Sat. 25 Nov. 1922, p. 6).

Not only did attacks on railways continue the methods of attacks became more dangerous and disruptive. For example, on the morning of the 2^nd of November a special coal train from Waterford to Limerick was derailed between Ballyhale and Mullinavat. One rail was removed; the fireman, driver and guard were taken off the train, and the steam engine and waggons were driven off the line. The derailed train landed on the embankment. The removal of a rail to cause detailments were reported widely. Also on the 2nd of November the Newrath signal cabin was set on fire. Portions of the building were destroyed and the “cabin instruments were considerably damaged” (Waterford News and Star, Fri. 3 Nov. 1922, p. 4).

Roads and bridges continued to be attacked. Forty-six bridges were destroyed in North Tipperary with an estimated cost of repair of £12,000 (New Ross Standard, Fri. 3 Nov. 1922, p. 3). In Wexford a group of local farmers and labourers fed up with a tree that was blocking the road from Enniscorthy to Adamstown, at Stone’s Park, Wilton removed the tree. While they were clearing the road two armed men appeared and threatened them. It was reported that the farmers and labourers paid no attention to the threats. During the night two new trees were felled in the same vicinity again blocking the road (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Nov. 1922, p. 8).

From some newspaper accounts it is difficult to discern whether the actions were the activities of the Civil War or mere criminality. Railway wires were cut between Waterford and New Ross on the morning of Friday the 3^rd of November. The up-mail train was held up on Friday evening between Glenmore and Waterford by twelve armed men at a steep embankment 5 miles from Waterford near the Glenmore station. The men ordered the passengers to remain seated and not to look out the windows. The armed men entered the guard’s van and searched it. After a prolonged search they removed some parcels and bicycles. On the following Monday a group of Oriel House Officers while returning to Dublin from New Ross arrested two men on bicycles. One of the men admitted that the new bicycle in his possession was stolen in a train robbery.  On the evening of the 8^th the up goods train was held up by armed men between Glenmore and Waterford. Although it was delayed a good while, it is not known what if anything was stolen (New Ross Standard, Fri, 10 Nov. 1922, p. 8; Waterford News & Star, Fri 10 Nov. 1922 p. 9).

Even river boats were targeted by armed men. The river barges carrying goods from Waterford to Carrick-on-Suir were raided on the 3^rd of November between Fiddown and Carrick by armed men. Bacon, tea and sugar were stolen (Munster Express, Sat. 11 Nov. 1922, p. 6).

Two licensed premises were raided in New Ross in late October or early November. Michael Corcoran, Irishtown, New Ross reported that masked men entered his premises after he had closed on the 27^th of October and seized the cash box. Corcoran resisted and was pistol whipped. On an undisclosed date Miss Redmond, of Irishtown, just before closing reported that armed men entered her premises and took money (New Ross Standard, Fri.3 Nov. 1922, p. 5). While a dance was in progress in Stonyford on Sunday the 12^th, armed men entered and ordered the dancers to disperse. The dancers quickly complied (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Nov. 1922, p. 7).

On the 13^th of November three men entered a pawnshop at 35 Michael Street, Waterford and requested to see some field glasses. The owner of the pawnshop, Charles Reginald Boyce, aged 24, attempted to stop the men from stealing his property. Boyce was shot and killed. An inquest was held the following day and various witnesses reported different aspects of the murder. Phillip Fanning, of 37 Thomas’s Hill, testified that he was an assistant in the shop and ran for help as soon as he heard a scuffle and one of the men would not let him back into the pawnshop. Anne Boyce, the murder victim’s sister, worked in an adjoining shop and testified that when one of the men entered her portion of the premises she attempted to grab the field glasses from him. He pushed her into her counter and ran back into the pawnshop. A shot was then heard, and she found her brother dying. When the foreman of the inquest jury stated to Miss Boyce that she showed great courage in grappling with the robber she sadly commented, “if I had let him get away then he could not have shot my brother” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Nov. 1922, p. 2).

The following receipt was found at the scene of the Boyce murder “Oghlaigh Na h-Eireann. Received from Messrs. Boyce, Michael Street, six pairs of field glasses on this date. (Signed) Battalion Brigade, Adjunct” (Munster Express, Sat. 18 Nov. 1922, p. 6). The Munster Express published that the murder victim’s mother received the following note “Irish Republican Defence Force, H.Q., Waterford, Nov. 14^th, 1922. Dear Madam, on behalf of the officers and men of the above force, respectfully bid to tender sincere sympathy to you on the death of your son, Charles. We trust that you in no way connect the above force with this raid, and I can assure you that this matter is receiving thorough investigation. Signed, Adjt. IRDF.”  The deceased was laid to rest in the Protestant cemetery (Munster Express, Sat. 18 Nov. 1922, p. 4)

Economic Impact

The New Ross Standard noted that cash was scarce. The high prices obtained for all produce and abundance of money poured into the country during the war (WW I) naturally made people extravagant, and nearly all sections of the public are better clothed and fed than they were prior to the war. With the high cost of living there was a gradual falling off in cash, and the editor proclaimed “the lean years are now upon many sections of the public.” Merchants complained that there was little business except by credit. People who borrowed from the banks at a high rate of interest to purchase land, business and stocks at very highly inflated prices were able to meet repayments during the war, but subsequently prices dropped and many “find themselves in unenviable positions.” With the disturbed state of the country, the dislocation of traffic by steamboat, railways and road, made it impossible to make money.   There was little or no employment in the country. “Instead of being better now that we have got the management of our own affairs the condition of Ireland is much worse than it has been for some years. Money earmarked for reforms and reconstruction is devoted to restore order.  Dis-improvement and deterioration appear to be the order of the day. Business is held up everywhere…there is no money stirring, and the country has become demoralised.” “We have not the British Government to contend with now” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Nov. 1922, p. 4).

In November 1922, after thanking local Waterford businesses for their generosity in the past, the committee that raised funds for the poor cancelled their usual Christmas Bazaar. Although it is not explicitly stated in the article the poor economy in which businesses were struggling was probably the cause of the cancellation. It was decided that the committee would arrange for a number of different entertainments to be held in Town Hall during Christmas week (Munster Express, Sat. 18 Nov. 1922, p. 4).

On the other hand, the barley farmers thought international forces such as Prohibition in the U.S. was the cause of the depressed barley markets. At the November meeting of the Kilkenny Farmers’ Union the attendees discussed what should be done about the surplus of barley. The secretary of the organisation stated that he had received replies from a few creameries in the south of the county prepared to buy kiln-dried barley or barley for malting at £10 per ton delivered.  “Glenmore was a barley growing district…and…there were people who had got only 15s. per barrel and they had to pay carriage.” In Carlow town barley had been sold for 8s. and 9s. per barrel for feeding. It was argued that Prohibition in the U.S. was responsible for holding down the price of barley in Ireland. Prices before Prohibition were 45s. per barrel. South Kilkenny was the biggest pig feeding district in Ireland. After much arguing about whether to start piggeries for the feeding of barley the meeting broke up without reaching a decision (Kilkenny People, Sat. 18 Nov. 1922, p. 3).

An unusual commentary on farmers and their economic guiding principles was printed in the Munster Express. The editor opined that “As long as there are rural districts in Ireland, there will be farmers, and as long as there are farmers the science of thrift will not pass away…the pony and trap will continue to travel the road to infinity. The average farmer views with suspicion all moving things not classified as livestock, and saleable at the Christmas fair (Munster Express, Sat. 18 Nov. 1922, p. 6).

Schools

It was reported that the recent spell of harsh weather caused a “series of epidemics” in the way of colds, measles etc.  In several places in the country districts children have been laid up with measles (New Ross Standard, Fri. 3 Nov. 1922, p. 8).

In early November the results of students in the Christian Brothers of New Ross were published. Two Glenmore scholars were mentioned.

“Junior Grade—Florence Ivory of Glenmore—passes Irish, English, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Commerce, Physics and Chemistry, Second Year’s Course.” [Florence Ivory was born 4 January 1906 the son of John Ivory (farmer) and his wife, Mary née McCarthy. Florence went on to become a National Teacher, married and died on 12 November 1969 and was residing in Stonyford, Kilkenny at the time of his death.]

“William Murphy (Glenmore)—Passes—Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Commerce, Physics and Chemistry, Second Year’s Course.”  A note at the end of the article details that commerce in each Grade includes the following branches—book-keeping, business methods, copying manuscript, commercial geography and writing (New Ross Standard, Fri. 3 Nov. 1922, p. 4).

Life Went On

One of the more interesting news items not related to the Civil War concerned the electrification of Thomastown. After the elected lights were installed in Thomastown, the oil lamps formerly used there were transferred to Inistioge and Bennetsbridge (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Nov 1922, p. 7).

Anyone passing the railway station in Ferrybank recently may have observed the current work on securing the cliff face behind the station. The Munster Express reported 100 years ago that “A portion of the rock face at Mount Misery, opposite the arrival platform at Waterford North station detached from the face of the cliff.” The large boulders smashed one of the wooden protection culverts. The weather was blamed. “Workmen have regularly been engaged in paring the rock face at various points” (Munster Express, Sat. 4 Nov. 1922, p. 4).

On the 29^th of October Glenmore played De La Salle, of Waterford City. They played in  Slieverue in a field kindly provided to them by “Mr. Rockett, Slieverue.” Glenmore won the match with a score of 3 goals, 7 points to 1 goal, 3 points (New Ross Standard, Fri. 3 Nov. 1922, p. 8). We have further football matches to report in a separate post.

No Glenmore deaths were reported in the November local papers.

The advertisement above from November 1922, for Holden and Hanrahan, New Ross, was owned by two Glenmore men, Richard “Dick” Hanrahan (1892-1975) and Walter Holden of Clune, Glenmore. Dick Hanrahan’s (1892-1975) brother Patrick “Pat” Hanrahan (1886-1957) owned and operated the “grocery establishment” robbed in November 1922. For more information on the Hanrahan brothers, of Glenmore, see our post of 6 December 2020.

The feature photo above is courtesty of the Freeman’s Journal (2 Dec. 1922, p. 3) and depicts a cyclist having his documents examined by an Irish National soldier.

Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com.

Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh