C.F. McLoughlin (1897-1967)
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Glenmore and The Black and Tans: Michael Heffernan (1878-1951)
Today, we are going to highlight the experiences of one shop keeper in Glenmore during the War of Independence (1919-1921) and the Black and Tans. The War of Independence in Ireland commenced in 1919 and the British Government responded in January 1920 by seeking to reinforce the RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary) by hiring and sending unemployed former British WWI soldiers to Ireland. With minimal training in policing these recruits were violent and their treatment of the civilian population made them the best recruitment device for the old Irish Republican Army.
Michael Heffernan (1878-1951) was the son of a retired RIC sergeant Michael Heffernan (c. 1839-1914). After his retirement from the RIC, Michael Heffernan (c. 1839-1914) opened a shop in Glenmore Village on the Cappagh Road in the building adjacent to his home. Three generations of the Heffernan family operated the shop. The last Heffernan to operate the shop was Eily Heffernan (c. 1923-2003) (Michael’s daughter) who kept it open until her death. After her death it remained a shop for a short while, but later it became a chipper. As the Village continued to decline the chipper closed, and the building has sat empty now for several years. Currently fundraising and efforts have been made to re-open the old shop as a tea room/shop.
Michael Heffernan’s 1938 Letter
On 1 February 1938, Michael Heffernan (1878-1951) wrote a letter to support his nephew, Cornelius F. McLoughlin’s (1897-1967) application to have his service during the War of Independence recognised. In 1938, Michael Heffernan was a Peace Commissioner. Although the letter was meant to discuss his nephew’s work during the War of Independence the letter provides details regarding the activities of the Black and Tans in Glenmore Village. For information concerning Captain Cornelius F. McLoughlin (1897-1967) see our posts of 26 May 2025 and 2 June 2025.
Michael noted that “whenever anything happened in the locality, our house seemed to come in for attention.” Michael referred to the Black and Tans as raiders and stated that he was not always sure whether the armed men who appeared in Glenmore were Auxiliaries or Black and Tans. He reported little difference in the attitude of these men. Their main difference was that they wore different caps. “They were often in drink, and looking for drink.” One evening one was very drunk and pointing his rifle at various buildings along the street. (Heffernan letter, p. 4). At the time of the Black and Tans, Glenmore was a dry parish and this probably did not help relations between the drink seeking soldiers and the civilians of the parish.
In his five page typewritten letter Michael listed a dozen events involving the Black and Tans in Glenmore. “During the Black and Tan period we were raided several times, and at different hours. Nothing was found with us, and no one was caught in our house, although for months we kept a door to our yard to which our neighbour, Jim Walsh, then on the run, had easy access, so that he might pass through and lock it after him to delay pursuit in emergency. Only a person with an intimate knowledge of the place could know of this door.” (Heffernan letter p. 2).
Hiding Ammunition for the Irish Volunteers
During one raid the bullets he was storing for his nephew, Cornelius McLoughlin were not discovered. During another raid bayonets were put through a small paper bag of feathers that were being saved to make a pillow. The same day his wife’s prayers in Irish “came in for great attention.” (Heffernan letter, p. 2).
In what Michael described as a “narrow shave” his employee Molly Walsh saw the Black and Tans in the Village and rushed home and returned with a bandolier under her apron. Her brother, Jim Walsh, was an active volunteer. When Molly showed Michael the bandolier and he told her to take it away. She had intended to hide it in a small room off the shop. She grabbed a bucket and took the bandolier still hidden under her apron to the well in Ryan’s Marsh where she hid her brother’s ammunition. The Walsh house was not searched that day, but the Heffernan shop was. (Heffernan letter, p. 3).
Rounding Up of Glenmore Men
Michael recalled that the day after a hold-up on the railway by volunteers, he was raided again. “At four o’clock in the morning I was taken out to Fluskey’s corner where our hands were all examined; and we heard afterwards that this was because they were seeking a man with a finger missing. There were about 12 to 14 of us taken out that morning. That was the morning that Jim Fluskey (1882-1960) was very slow in answering and when at last he appeared fully dressed, he had a lighted candle in his hand, and we all, raiders included, thought that very funny.” (Heffernan letter, p. 2).
Michael named the following men who were pulled from their beds that morning. John Brennan, Ned Doolan, Jim the Weaver (pronounced locally as “Waver”) whose real name was Walsh, James Walsh, the carpenter; Jack Scanlan, George Jones, senior; Johnny Cody and J.K. Walsh (Michael’s brother-in-law). (Heffernan letter p. 3). For further details regarding Jim the Weaver Walsh, see our post of 19 May 2025.
On another date Michael was brought to the creamery and held there long after dark. He and others were forced to push a lorry up the Vee Road. “Fr. Bergin was hunted home that evening after being brought out to push the lorry. They were very excited, nervous and abusive that evening.” (Heffernan letter. P. 3).
Michael was brought to the chapel another evening and held against the wall. Michael spoke to the Captain about the fact that his wife was not home and four small children were alone in the house. The Captain told him at the house that he must go to the chapel. After some time Michael reminded the Captain of his unattended young children and was told by the Captain to slip away quietly down the hill. Michael was instructed not to look back as his men were out of control. Michael noted that they were very rough that evening and threatening. He did not record his thoughts as he quietly slipped away and walked down the long hill toward his home. (Heffernan letter, p. 3).
Interrogations
One morning Michael opened the shop door and saw Bill Purcell. Bill was working with Jimmy Hanrahan at that time. He was rushing back from the marsh at Cappagh where he had apparently put out the cows. As Bill ran he called out that lorries of Black and Tans were coming down the hill by the Churns. Michael went back inside and was just lighting the fire in the kitchen when the Black and Tans entered. They were very excited and demanded where the man was who just ran in. Michael told them that he had just gotten up to open the shop and that no man had come in. After some hesitation they appeared to accept his statement and left. When Michael next saw Bill Purcell he told Bill he had a “narrow shave.” The Black and Tans apparently lost sight of Bill while passing Fluskey’s shed and the carpenter’s house [where the Glen Bar is now]. This gave Bill a chance to race up Merrigan’s lane behind Patsey Ryan’s house. When Bill reached the high ground above the Village he waited until he saw the Black and Tans leaving. (Heffernan letter, p. 3).
After the breaking of the bridge at Main Roche’s, Cappagh, the Bklack and Tans visited Michael at 11 o’clock at night. They battered at the door and knocked out the key. This occasioned delay in opening as Michael had to search amongst bags of flour in the shop. They were impatient and when at last Michael opened the door he saw the whole street full of armed men. Half a dozen or so entered and questioned Michael about the broken bridge and his movements that night. (Heffernan letter, p. 3).
His wife brought home a small flashlamp from Waterford. Their eldest son, Paddy was about 7 or 8. That night the Black and Tans came down from the New Line [now the N 25 overlooking the Village] . They demanded to know who was signalling with a flash lamp from the Heffernan home. Michael explained that the children were playing with it, and the Tans went away apparently satisfied. (Heffernan letter, p. 4).
Destruction of Property
Although his home and store were subject to searches by the Black and Tans Michael did not record in his letter that his property was damaged by the Black and Tans except for his bee hives. On the high ground behind the Village Michael kept 40 beehives. The bee hives were searched by the Black and Tans and two or three were tumbled down the hill. The combs were broken and the bees perished. (Heffernan letter, p. 4).
On the Road to Waterford
One day after driving to Waterford for a load of meal, on the Waterford side of Carriganurra, before Denn’s of the Spa (pronounced as Spaw) three lorry loads of Black and Tans passed Curraghnore Lane. Michael paid no attention to them as they passed him and jogged along with his empty bags. Just beyond Denn’s Michael observed three Black and Tans who had left one of the lorries. They were standing on the roadside at his left with rifles resting on the ditch and pointed to cover Curraghnore Lane which led to the railway. It struck Michael that if he had attempted to turn down the lane the motion would have caused suspicion and perhaps drawn fire. Shortly after passing the lane the three lorries again passed Michael. Michael reached Waterford, and got back safely with his load of meal. (Heffernan letter, p. 4).
Michael also stated that “his man” Georgie Jones of the Village was stopped on the Waterford Road. The horse drawn car was searched and a parcel of school books, which were being returned, was closely examined for messages. (Heffernan letter, p. 4).
Michal Heffernan’s Long Glenmore Run
One Sunday in June 1921 Michael was a bit late for Mass. His wife was home ill. He found a crowd in the porch and went to the Sacrristy. As he was listening to Mass from the Sacristy, Pat Grant of Robinstown entered and said that the Black and Tans were on the New Line [N 25 overlooking the Village] and others had taken up positions in Fluskey’s field with mounted machine guns. Others were advancing toward the Chapel. “Pat said he would hook it and left in great excitement.” It dawned on Michael that as the only man in the Sacristy he would look suspicious and would find it difficult to explain his position although it was the custom of people to hear Mass from the Sacristy.
Michael thought it wise to leave quickly and ran after Pat Grant. They headed for the stile in the upper inside corner of the churchyard and crossed over to the Mass path under the high churchyard wall in Forristal’s field. Michael ran about 50 yards and crossed another ditch into a lane which was also known as the Mass Path fields which led down beside the Barracks and onto the Mill Road. Michael was running hard. (Heffernan letter, p. 4).
Michael jumped onto the Mill Road and “faced for Ballybrahee, bending low and keeping in the shelter of the hedges.” Just as Michael turned the next bend in the road, approaching John Condon’s and passing Jim Hanrahan’s field he heard a series of distant explosions which he took to be machine gun fire. Boughs from bushes fell down in front of Michael. Michael was staggered somewhat and nearly fell. He continued to run towards Ballybrahe. (Heffernan letter, p. 5).
When he reached Murphy’s cottage he turned up Mullinahone Lane. Where he knew he had good cover. He turned right to Mike Hyne’s land, and went down to the Long Bog through the wood near Ballybrahe Bridge. Michael came out at the iron gate from the bog and rushed up the road over Ballybrahe bridge. As he approached Dan Murphy’s quarry another long volley of machine fun fire passed over Michael’s head. This again startled Michael as he had been looking back and trying to keep out of the view of the New Line [ N 25]. (Heffernan letter, p. 5).
Michael continued to run until he reached Ballybrahe. There he turned down the lane at Mike Hynes’ house and crossed his lands into John Ennett’s fields. Through these he reached John Ennett’s house where he changed coats and collar and shoes. After changing Michael immediately left and caught his own pony in the paddock at Cappagh Lane and walked the animal home hoping that it would explain things if the Black and Tans were at his home. No one was waiting for him and he learned that all attending Mass that Sunday were detained and questioned. (Heffernan letter, p. 5).
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For further information on the children of Michael Heffernan (1878-1951) see our post of 17 January 2022.
For an account of a Black and Tan atrocity in Cork see, Three Minute Tales, “Black and Tans a Farmer’s Revenge.”
Please send any corrections or further information or photos of any person mentioned in this post to glenmore.history@gmail.com
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Captain C.F. McLoughlin (1897-1967) of the Glenmore Volunteers, Part I
The Military Service Pension Act 1934 caused the former officers of the old IRA to be contacted in 1935 to obtain the names, ranks and dates of service on two designated dates, 11 July 1921 and 1 July 1922, of the men who served in their units. A list was duly made and submitted. See our list of members of the Glenmore Company of the old IRA.
C.F. McLoughlin applied for a pension noting that he was a Captain with the Glenmore Volunteers in 1915 on. However, McLoughlin does not appear on the Glenmore list submitted, and McLaughlin wasn’t a name generally associated with Glenmore.
It transpires that C.F. McLoughlin, was Cornelius Frederick McLoughlin born in Callan, Kilkenny in 1897 the eldest child of R.I.C. Sergeant, John McLoughlin (c. 1864-1944) and his wife Sarah Jane Heffernan (1866-1923) of Glenmore. The couple were married in Glenmore on 17 June 1896. Sarah Jane, of Cappagh, Glenmore, was a dressmaker and her father was Michael Heffernan (c. 1839 -1914) a retired R.I.C, sergeant. John MacLoughlin was a native of Roscommon. John and Sarah Jane McLoughlin had 9 known children; 5 boys and 4 girls.
Evidence Submitted in 1938
In 1938, C.F. McLoughlin was seeking recognition and a pension for his work as an Irish Volunteer from 1915-1923. His first application was rejected. The National Library of Ireland has digitalized four letters that were sent by Glenmore people to provide information concerning his work as a Volunteer. The letters include: [1] Michael Heffernan’s letter dated 1 February 1938; [2] James Power, Jr. of Jamestown letter dated 27 December 1937; [3] Peter Mernagh’s letter dated 27 December 1937; and [4] Widow Ellen Cassin’s letter dated 1 February 1938.
The First Glenmore Volunteers
Ellen Cassin née Malone (c.1879-1963) moved to Glenmore in 1899. She first heard of the Volunteer movement when men began drilling in Glenmore under Nick Curran, John Dunphy and Jim Fluskey about 1913 or 1914. George Jones, an ex-soldier of the British Army used to instruct them. The movement fell away for a time, but it began to revive again on a smaller scale at the end of 1915 when “Freddie McLoughlin began training men. (Cassin letter p.1).
Michael Heffernan (c. 1877-1951) in 1938, was the Peace Commissioner in Glenmore. He stated that C.F., or Fred, as he was known in the family was his nephew. “He spent a great part of his youth and usually all his holidays in Glenmore. After finishing at Blackrock College in the summer of 1915 he had some difference with his father and came to live with his aunts—my sisters—Mrs. J.K. Walsh [1884-1955] and Miss M. Heffernan [Mary “Minnie” Heffernan (c. 1872-1944)] in Glenmore. About that period, the autumn or winter of 1915, he began organising and training a company of Irish Volunteers. We knew some of the men who were with him, but we had not exact knowledge of all he was doing, and it was not his practice to talk much to anybody. Some things we could not help noticing. (Heffernan letter p. 1).
Peter Mernagh (1892-1990) stated that he joined the Irish Volunteers at Glenmore in October or November 1915. “C.F. McLoughlin, known to us then as Fred, and sometimes now as Conn, was the Captain at the time.” (Mernagh letter, p. 1)
The Glenmore Volunteers of 1915
- Neddy Purell (moved to America)
- Johnny Barron (died in America)
- Johnnie Power, Jr. of Jamestown
- Jimmy Roche, of Weatherstown
- Jim Mernagh (moved to Castlecomer)
- Batty Mernagh (deceased)
- Little Mick Power
- Tom Dunne (moved to Wexford)
- Needy (sic) Doolan, of Shanbogh
- Paddy Barron, of Carrickcloney (moved to England)
- Peter Mernagh, of Ballyverneen
- Captain C.F. McLoughlin
The men drilled regularly, about twice a week, at Cappagh Lane, in the lane at Graiguenakill, in Doyle’s big field opposite the schoolhouse, Robinstown, and at Haggard Line, Mullinahone. (Mernagh letter, p. 1).
Warnings & Threats
“On several occasions before the 1916 Rising an R.I.C. man in New Ross who was friendly disposed asked me [Michael Heffernan] to speak to my nephew and to advise him to be careful in what he was doing. The Parish Priest at the time, Fr. Phelan, also asked me to get him to stop this work; but my nephew was set on his purpose. As far as I recall he used only to smile when I mentioned these things, and to carry on as before. He was not a person to be easily altered once he was set on a thing.”
“On the second occasion that Fr. Phelan spoke to me, I remember he threatened something to the effect that if I was not able to influence young McLoughlin he would take steps to have him shifted as the activities he was engaged in might create disturbances in the parish. Anyhow, my nephew carried on in spite of these warnings and advices. He was drilling men over the Cappagh Road and in other places.”(Heffernan letter, p. 1)
A day or two before the actual Rising of 1916 Fred visited Michael Heffernan and his wife, to say goodbye. He did not expect to see them for some time. A few days later they heard of the Rising and they then realized that something serious was afoot.
Easter Week 1916
Before the Rising the Glenmore Volunteers had an idea that something was “to come off.” Peter Mernagh knew that at any time he could get a shotgun from John Dunphy, of Ballyverneen. Dunphy was sympathetic and allowed Peter Mernagh to sleep on his premises. (Mernagh letter, p. 1)
On the Tuesday after Easter, Peter’s brother Batt relayed orders from Captain McLoughlin to proceed to Buttersbridge, Rosbercon about dusk to meet others. Batty knew that the Rising had started in Dublin and they were hopeful that they would get rifles in New Ross and join up there. Captain McLaughlin returned from New Ross and told the men to quietly return to Glenmore. (Mernagh letter, p. 2)
For the rest of that week Peter Mernagh kept an eye on the “New Line” (main road from Waterford to New Ross). He worked in John Dunphy’s fields and had a view of the “New Line” from the Creamery Manager’s house to Ballyverneen. Peter Mernagh got very little sleep that week watching the road night and day. (Mernagh letter, p. 3)
Arrest in Glenmore
The week after Easter Week, on Tuesday the Glenmore Volunteers heard of the surrender in Dublin. “We were not disposed to believe it.” The volunteers were disappointed that they did not have an active part in the Rising. “The police began to come out again and to show some activity.” (Mernagh letter, p. 3)
Michael Heffernan heard of arrests in New Ross. “One day when I met the friendly policeman in New Ross he informed me that my nephew Fred was noted as one of the ringleaders in the district and was a marked man, and it was not advisable for him to remain in the area.” When Michael Heffernan told Fred he was not frightened by the news and determined to carry on as before. (Heffernan letter, p. 1)
Captain McLoughlin was arrested. John Dunphy broke the news of the arrest to Peter Mernagh. Peter thought that it was the 6th of May 1916, and he expected that he too would be arrested. However, he was not. (Mernagh letter, p. 4)
Ellen Cassin was working for Fred’s aunts and was milking a cow when the police arrived to arrest Fred. “There was great excitement in the Village that day over Freddie’s arrest. It was expected that others might be taken at any moment. Freddy’s aunts were very upset…” No other arrests were made and the excitement died down.” (Cassin letter, p. 1)
Michael Heffernan learned one morning that the police and military were arresting Fred at his sister’s house in Glenmore Village. He was not surprised. “I went to see what was happening and saw the R.I.C. and military with rifles standing about the house where Fred was sleeping. There was some little delay. I went to hunt fowl out of the new potatoes that were coming up in my garden on the hill. On clapping my hands loudly, I remember that two R.I.C. turned the corner at the bridge. They appeared to have some interest in the noise, but I explained that I was only frightening fowl away, and the incident ended. I saw Fred being taken off under escort a few minutes afterwards…” (Heffernan letter, p. 1).
John McLoughlin’s Letter of 18 May 1916
John McLoughlin wrote to Robert Chalmers, expressing his disappointment in his 18-year-old son Cornelius F. McLoughlin. Sir Robert Chalmers, was famous for being the rudest man in Whitehall whose “pomposity and cynicism concealed his many benefactions,” as Under Secretary. (G.C. Peden, “Chalmers, Robert, Baron Chalmers (1858-1938),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as cited by Martin Maguire (2008) in The Civil Service and the Revolution in Ireland, 1912-38, Manchester University Press, p. 39.)
Sir,
I have just heard that my son Cornelius F. McLoughlin, who is aged 18 years and 10 months, has been arrested in connection with this Sinn Fein insurrection, at the residence of his aunt (Miss Minnie Heffernan) at Glenmore, Waterford where he resided for the past five months, and has been deported to some part of England. If this boy has by Overt act or otherwise done anything to merit punishment I trust the authorities will deal with him in a firm manner. I spent a considerable sum of money in the bringing up and education of this boy, up to the summer examinations of last year, where he completed his Intermediate course. As he was young, able, active, clever and physically fit, and in my opinion eminently suitable for his Majesty’s forces, I did my utmost during the autumn of last year to induce him to join the O.T.C. or other branch of the regular forces but failed. As he had no taste for soldiering and as he expressed a wish to go seek his fortune in America and join friends who are out there, and so I had no employment for him here. I consented to his wish. It was just then that the stampede of young men took place which caused the Government to prevent the departure of passengers unless provided with passports. He filed papers with the view of getting one, and as he saw there were some obstacles put in the way, he allowed the matter drop and changed his mind. As he was not willing to join the army or go to America and so I had no business for him, he went to his aunt’s at Glenmore.
While under my charge he never mixed with any evil companions, what evil company he with since he left me, I do not know. How or when he became connected with this Sinn Finn business, if he has been so connected, I have no knowledge. I need hardly say I have no sympathy for him in his present miserable predicament, and that is m reason for saying that I trust he may be fittingly punished if there is any evidence of guilt brought home to him, as I do mot believe in making heroes of young fellows by arrest and discharge without adequate punishment, which would be a lesson to them in the future.
As I look upon this attempted insurrection as the greatest curse that could befall this unhappy land when everyone should be united in the midst of this awful war to combat and beat the enemy. I am compelled by a strong sense of duty to write this letter. I am a ex Sargeant of the R.I.C. and had the honour of serving my King and country for 30 years.
This is confidential and the contents are not to be shown or made known to the boy as it might cause him to have ill feeling toward me afterward.
I am, Sir
Your Obedient Servant
J. McLoughlin
(National Archives of Ireland; Chief Secretary’s Office Registered Papers, CSO RP/1916/5611/8501/1) To view a copy of the handwritten letter see the website, Ordinary Lives, Extraordinary Times: Letters 1916-1923.
Impact of His Father’s Letter
By January 1913 John McLoughlin had retired from the R.I.C. and was living at Maryville, Tullow, Co. Carlow with his wife and children. That month he was appointed Collector of Income Taxes for 26 districts in Carlow and parts of Kilkenny (Carlow Sentinel, Sat. 18 Jan. 1913, p. 2). His post as Tax Collector was omitted in his extraordinary 1916 letter regarding his son’s arrest and detention.
Given that Fred was detained about a month. It is unlikely that the letter had a negative impact on his case. It transpired that he was sent to Wakefield Prison in Western Yorkshire, England. After the 1916 Rising, Wakefield Prison was taken over by the military. In Part 2 we will outline Fred’s continued work as a Volunteer and information we found regarding his later life.
Please send any corrections, further information or photos to glenmore.history@gmail.com . Also we would like your thoughts concerning John Loughlin’s 1916 letter.
The featured photo is Wakefield Prison in 1916 courtesy of wikimedia commons [http://maggieblanck.com/Land/WakefieldPrison/WP5.jpg Maggie Blanck] |Date=1916 |Author={{author|unknown}}.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh