1920’s
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One Hundred Years Ago: August 1923
In August 1923, one topic dominated the local newspapers, the general election. Some newspapers dubbed it the “hurried” election. In many respects the issues concerning voters 100 years ago are still issues today such as housing, industrial strife, and inflation. Today, we highlight the local candidates and some of the other news that made it into the local newspapers in August 1923. Unfortunately, only one reference to Glenmore could be located in the local newspapers.
CIVIL WAR ISSUES
As peace settled across the 26 counties the government began to release some of the prisoners it held. Local released prisoners included Miss Lena Cleary, of Whitechurch, New Ross and Miss S. Browne, of New Ross. These ladies were released four months after being arrested by the military (New Ross Standard, Fri. 10 Aug. 1923, p. 6). At the end of August James Hartley, of Weatherstown, Glenmore was released from Wexford Military Barracks (Free Press (Wexford), Sat. 25 Aug. 1923, p. 4).
The National troops stationed in Thomastown since July 1922 left for Kilkennyin early August 1923. The barricades were removed from around the house in Thomastown where the military had been stationed (New Ross Standard, Fri. 10 Aug. 1923, p. 6).
INDUSTRIAL STRIFE
Industrial strife continued to plague the Free State. Locally, farmers had limited markets for their produce. The New Ross Standard reported that due to the “continuation of the strike at ports and other labour troubles” the weekly pig and fowl markets were suspended for over 3 weeks. (Fri. 3 August 1923, p. 5
The following week the New Ross Standard (Fri. 10 August 1923, p. 3) outlined the events that led to the port strikes.
Port Strike
“During the past few years the wages of dockers in the Free State have been the highest in Europe. The workers at the Free State ports were included in every increase of wages which were granted in Great Britain both during and immediately after the European War. At the larger ports they were in receipt of as much as 16 shillings per day, with the result that shipping freights were maintained at a fantastic level to the growing detriment of trade and commerce.”
“The British employers redued the wages of their men, and by stages the rate of pay fell to 10 shillings per day at all the big ports. The Dublin dockers and fellow workers in other Free State ports refused to discuss any reduction. Matters went from bad to worse until the last straw was laid on the camel’s back by an irregular and unauthorised strike of seaman. When the port of Dublin became paralysed the employers decided to enforce the over-due reduction of dockers’ wages. On 16 July all work ceased.”
DEADLY WEATHER
On the 2nd of August, what several newspapers described as a hurricane, swept through this area. A 15-year -old girl gathering firewood on the 2nd named Magge Lawlor, of 55 Ferrybank was killed by a tree that fell on her (Munster Express, Sat. 4 Aug. 1923, p. 5).
“The hurricane” had a serious impact on crops of grain, potatoes, manifolds (sic), and turnips all blackened (New Ross Standard, Fri. 10 Aug. 1923, p. 8). [We have had a few queries concerning manifolds. Having conferred with my resident farming expert it is believed that these were beet like vegetables used as fodder. They were stored in pits and had to be well covered to protect them from the frost. When fed the “mangals” were put through a turnip machine otherwise cattle could choke on the roots. For further information see, the Gardening Know How webpage.]
FARMING
In several areas apple trees were badly shaken by the August storm resulting in nearly all the fruit being blown off the trees. “Potato blight has made its appearance in places in the New Ross district. So far it is not serious (New Ross Standard, Friday 10 August 1923, p. 6). On the other hand the weather appeared to agree with mushrooms which were described as plentiful. “Reports came from almost every district to that effect” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 10 Aug.1923, p. 5).
At the end of the month it was reported that at the New Ross market cabbage was realising as high as 3d. per head and hay sold for £4 to £5 per ton (New Ross Standard, Fri. 31 Aug. 1923, p. 3).
The price of food according to the New Ross Standard was an issue the new Dáil would have to tackle. While the price of cattle was within 4 to 6 shillings per cwt. of pre-war prices, the price of butcher’s meat almost doubled. Almost every article required in the household costs an exorbitant price” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Aug. 1923, p. 4).
THE GENERAL ELECTION
Free speech and free elections were challenging in the newly established Free State. The Kilkenny People summed up the “hurried” election of 1923 as the people’s choice for construction or destruction (Sat. 25 Aug. 1923, p. 5).
The general election was set for the 27th of August. In the days before radio and television candidates held meetings to try to persuade voters to support them. It was reported that during the election campaign 90 meetings were held in New Ross and surrounding districts (New Ross Standard, Fri. 31 Aug. 1923, p. 3)
Unfortunately, meetings of all parties were subject to disruptions and heckling of candidates was common. In some instances violence erupted and intimidation caused some meetings to be cancelled.
Election Meetings Disrupted
A Farmers’ Party candidate at Ramsgrange, Co. Wexford on Sunday the 19th was assaulted by a crowd of young men and boys. He was struck with clenched fists, rotten eggs, “and sound ones too.” He was covered from the top of his hat to his boots. His hat, overcoat and suit of clothes were destroyed. The Labour Party was also stopped at Ramsgrange from holding a meeting. The candidates were threatened and their election literature burned (New Ross Standard, Fri. 24 Aug. 1923, p. 5).
By the time the New Ross Standard (Fri. 31 Aug. 1923, p. 3) went to print at the end of the month it was reported that “It is too early to ascertain what sections or parties have been successful at the general election. The result of the polling will not be completely known for some days…whatever parties have been successful, and whatever Government may result, we trust that at long last it will be enabled to devote itself uninterruptedly to uplifting the country and promoting prosperity and happiness of the people.”
Kilkenny-Carlow Candidates
Below is a list of the candidates for the Kilkenny-Carlow seats and the names of the candidates deemed elected are in bold.
(1) Michael Barry, Tombeagh, Co. Carlow, Farmer, ran as a Republican.
(2) Thomas, Bolger, of Downings, Co. Carlow, Farmer, ran as a Cumann na nGaedheal.
(3) Edw. John Broughan, of Ballybrommell, Co. Carlow, Farmer, ran as a Farmer’s Party candidate.
(4) Liam T. Cosgrave, of Beechpark, Templeogue, Co. Dublin, President of the Executive Council, and Minster for Finance, ran as a member of Cumann na NGaedheal.
(5) Edw. Doyle, of Laragh, Co. Carlow, Agricultural Worker, ran as a member of Labour.
(6) Patrick Gaffney, of Connolly Cross, Carlow, Agricultural Worker, ran as an Independent (Other newspapers noted that he was a miller.)
(7) John “Seán” Francis Gibbons, of Ballylarkin, Co. Kilkenny, Farmer, ran as a member of Cumann na nGaedheal.
(8) Denis John Gorey, of Burnchurch, Cuffesgrange, Co. Kilkenny, Farmer, ran as a member of the Farmer’s Party. See our post of 6 June 2022 for details regarding the attack on Gorey’s home and the General Election of 1922.
(9) Michael Shelly, of Green St., Callan, Co. Kilkenny, Merchant, ran as a Republican. (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 24 Aug. 1923, p. 16).
WATERFORD BOXER—Battling Brannigan
“In Dublin on Wed. 22d August, Battling Brannigan, the promising young Waterford pugilist, will meet the coloured exponent, Sam Minto, who last year gave Kid Doyle a great fight” (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 17 Aug. 1923, p. 16). It isn’t clear whether Brannigan fought Minto more than once, but according to a short article in the Munster Express in 1952, fighting “Patsy Brannigan (Gerald Hurley) despite an early injury to his hands, gained a points victory over Sam Minto.” The fight took place at the Theatre Royal, in Waterford almost 30 years earlier. (Munster Express, Fri. 16 May 1952, p. 9).
Gerald Hurley (c. 1901-1985)
Gerald Hurley (c. 1901-1985) was born in Chicago and moved to Waterford at the age of three. Although he trained as an alto singer for the Westminster Cathedral choir and sang professionally, in 1919, he began boxing as a lightweight. During a boxing career that spanned a decade, Hurley became the lightweight champion of Ireland, and went on to hold the welterweight Irish title. He never had a manager, and secured international fights.
At the same time he was a “much sought-after” professional classical singer. His dual career might explain why he fought under the name of Battling Brannigan. Hurley retired from professional boxing in 1929, but continued his professional singing. He became a physical education and boxing teacher (Munster Express, Fri. 29 Sept. 1972, p. 24) at Dublin secondary schools and also taught at the Garda Depot, Phoenix Park (Waterford News and Star, Fri. 29 Nov. 1985, p. 16).
Memories of Waterford
While living in Waterford he resided in Grange Terrace, Waterford (Munster Express, Fri. 19 Oct. 1979, p. 25). In 1959, he was residing at 32 Belgrave Square, Rathmines Dublin (Munster Express, Fri. 31 July 1959, p. 4) In a letter to the editor of the Munster Express, he recalled friends killed during the Civil War in Waterford City and working at putting up the wooden poles in the city when the first electric lights were installed (Munster Express, Fri. 31 July 1959, p. 4). His kin around Waterford city in the 1950’s included his brother Tim Hurley, of Barrack St., his nephew Michael Butler, hairdresser of Manor St. and the Moran family of Parnell St. (Munster Express, Fri. 31 Dec. 1954, p. 5)
AUCTIONS
After the establishment of the Free State several Anglo-Irish families, such as the Butlers of Kilkenny Castle, sold their estates and moved from Ireland. In the summer of 1923, the local newspapers advertised several auctions and as illustrated below not all sales were large estates.
Cholastown, Slieverue, Co. Kilkenny An auction of a small holding belonging to Thomas McDonald, was advertised to be sold by Auction on the 7th of August (Tuesday) at noon (new time). The land was in Nicholastown and contained 18 statute acres with a forge and outbuildings. The land was held in fee simple subject to a terminable annuity payable to the Irish Land Commission of £4 2s. 8d.
The land was described as, being in grass, well fenced and sheltered with excellent tillage and grazing qualities with an ample and constant spring water supply (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 3 Aug. 1923, p. 8).
HUMOUR RETURNS
During the dark days of the War of Independence and Civil War very few jokes were published in local newspapers as fillers. In August 1923, perhaps to lighten the mood during the general election several jokes were published such as the two below.
Plucking in Haste—Knitting in Leisure
“In the Hounalow district a young Farmer’s wife, after making some hop beer, threw the hops into the garden, and several ducks ate them up. The ducks became so drunk that the farmer thought they were dead and placed them in a shed. The wife plucked them in the evening. In the morning the couple were awakened by a terrific noise in the shed. The ducks were running abound bereft of feathers. So, the farmer’s wife had to make some little jumpers until their feathers grew again” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 31 Aug. 1923, p. 5). [For our international readers a jumper is a sweater.]
Faith in Surgeon
“A London surgeon found that a serious operation was necessary upon the daughter of a woman who came with her to the hospital. The details of the operation were explained, and the consent was asked for of the mother to the operation being performed. ‘Oh,’ was the reply, ‘It is all very well to talk about consenting, but who is going to pay for the funeral!’ (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 18 Aug. 1923, p 7).
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The feature phto above is the crowd in Carlow awaiting the arrival of President of the Dáil, W.T. Cosgrave. The photo was published in the Freeman’s Journal (Tues. 21 Aug. 1923, p. 7) by a member of the Freeman’s staff. Cosgrove arrived in Carlow by airplane.
Please send any corrections or further information or photos to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
The Glenmore 12: Leinster Senior Football Semi-Final 1923
On Sunday the 8th of July, 1923, at Croke Park, Kilkenny played Meath in one of the Leinster Senior Football Semi-Finals. Of the fifteen players selected to play for Kilkenny a dozen were from Glenmore. In 1922 only nine Glenmore players were selected for the 1922 senior football team. See, our post of 17 December 2022 and 4 December 2022 for details regarding Glenmore’s representation in the Leinster Senior Football Championship in 1922.
The 1923 Kilkenny team was comprised of the following players [information not from the newspaper is in square brackets]: P. Dalton* (goal); J. Fitzgerald; M. Connolly [Mick Connolly, Rochestown]; J. Hanrahan [Jimmy Hanrahan, Glenmore Village]; Matt Flannelly*; P. Cody [Paddy Cody, Weatherstown]; M. Brennan; M. Cody [Michael Cody, Weatherstown]; L. Murphy; J. Phelan; W. Hartley [Bill Hartley, Bushertstown], W. Irish [Bill Irish, Rochestown]; P. Hartley; J. McKenna* and A. Heffernan [Andy Heffernan, Aylwardstown]. The three players that were not from Glenmore we have marked with an asterisk.* We know from the newspaper account below that John Doherty [Davidstown] replaced the injured Jimmy Hanrahan. For further details regarding Glenmore players from this era see our post of 6 February 2023.
The Munster Express and the Kilkenny People both published articles regarding the match. Both newspapers commenced their coverage with a short editorial of the match then the remainder of both articles published the exact same description of “the play.” The perhaps more objective Munster Express labelled the game a “dissappointing exhibition of football.”
Munster Express
“The game was to a great extent marred by fouling, the referee being kept pretty busy all through. Luck was against Kilkenny, who, in addition to losing two of their players through injuries, had another relegated to the side line early for a breach of the rules…There were periods of high-class play, but on the whole it was a disappointing exhibition of football…” (Munster Express, Sat. 14 July 1923, p. 3).
Kilkenny People
Sweltering conditions prevailed in Croke Park on Sunday, and the attendance during the first match was rather small, but it improved when the semi-final was in progress. Fan crowds came on the special trains, but it would scarcely appear that all found their way to the matches, which local followers were not strongly represented.
The main encounter of the day—Kilkenny and Meath—proved a strong one from the very outset, and was prolonged by frequent stoppages. It was also characterised by many penalties, but the spirit of the contest was good throughout. The back divisions of both teams were the outstanding feature, and scoring in the first half was a difficult matter for Kilkenny, playing a hard short practical from the outset, were unable to make full use of their elemental advantages in the opening period and turned over level points to a goal for Meath.
Meath improved considerable in the second half, mostly, and though erratic enough at time, succeeded in effecting a couple of major scores, to which, by lack of efficient forward work, Kilkenny could make no response though they had several favourable opportunities. Irish was the outstanding player on the field, putting in a vast amount of splendid work. The Meath backs were clever and cleared fouls. The winners will now meet Dublin for the final, but will need to improve considerably if they hope to once more bring premier hours to Royal Meath.
Details: Meath 3-1; Kilkenny 0-3 ( Kilkenny People, Sat. 14 July 1923, p. 9).
The Play
Kilkenny forced the play early and were rewarded with two “50’s” which, though well taken by McKenna, went for nought. Three frees brought Meath forward to find the Kilkenny Defence sound. Kilkenny going away spoiled by fouling close in, and a little later L. Murphy (Kilkenny) was sent off by the referee for a breach of the rules. Kilkenny went attacking, a free from the left wing was well placed by Flannelly for Fitzgerald to box over for a point.
Kilkenny backs were good against a Meath assault, in which Tuite met with hard luck in a try for a score. Andy Heffernan (Kilkenny) retired injured and was replaced by J. Shiels (Kilkenny) worked away from a free, and the Meath custodian in saving a trying shot from P. Cody, conceded a point.
Strong play ruled, Meath dashing away and over Kilkenny backs were again reliable in a renewed Meath offensive. Midfield play followed, the exchanges being pretty evenly divided. Kilkenny were something the better, but were meeting with sterling opposition from the Meath backs. Two frees aided Kilkenny, but the Meath line was crossed without result.
At this stage play showed improvement, and some good football was witnessed. Kilkenny kept up the pressure and M. Cody scored a fine point from far out. Meath backs were still kept moving and did very well against persistent Kilkenny onslaughts.
A brilliant run brought Meath into the Kilkenny ground, exchanges between Keoghan and Ratty (sic) being secured by Hickey, who levelled up with a goal for Meath. Working back Meath forced a “50,” and there was an exiting struggle close up to the Kilkenny citadel. Meath were pressing at the interval, when the scores were level, as follows: Kilkenny, 0-3; Meath 1-0.
Second Half
J. Hanrahan (Kilkenny) went off injured, and John Doherty took his place. On again getting to work Kilkenny broke away, but were held up by a free, and Meath, going in, went ahead by a point from Farrelly, Kilkenny attacking, sent wide, as did Meath soon after.
Meath were now playing up strongly, but the Kilkenny backs were equal to all effort to go through. Kilkenny spoiled by fouling in good position, and Meath were attacking, to register two wides (one from a free) before Kilkenny worked back, to be repulsed by a sound Meath defence.
Irish beat off a Meath offensive, and the ensuring play provided a few brilliant passages, both sides displaying great dash and determination. Irish who had been playing a great game for Kilkenny, was injured, but resumed, amidst applause. Meath attacked with vigour, but were obliged to retire before an admirable Kilkenny defence. Coming on again for a free, Hickey dashed in for a goal for Meath, Dalton the Kilkenny custodian, failing in an effort to save a low shot. Nothing daunted, Kilkenny bounded away, but a free, close-up, brought relief to Meath, who were being hotly tested. Meath again went attacking, to go wide from a free.
Unusual vigour was being introduced into the play and frees were frequent, Meath getting most. Keelan kicked a great goal for Meath from a free. Kilkenny still going strong, made no impression on the Meath line of defence. A succession of frees again brought Meath forward, but the Kilkenny defence prevailed. Kilkenny attacking made no headway against the Meath backs who were reliable all through. Meath had the better of the closing stages and were good winners at the end.
Referee & Meath Team
Mr. P. McCullagh, Wexford, refereed.
The Meath team: B. Carey; P. Keelan; W. Dillon; J. Newman; C. Cudden; P. Reilly; J. Ledwidge; M. Keoghan; P. Tuite; C. Meade; J. Curtis; C. Carolan; P. Ratty; J. Hickey; M. Farrelly.
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For further information concerning Glenmore and other Kilkenny hurling and football teams see, The Kilkenny GAA Bible (2018) compiled by Gerry O’Neill.
Please send any corrections, additional information or photos to glenmore.history@gmail,com.
Special thanks to Jackie Walsh for sending the team photo featured above as well as identifying each player.
The feature photo Glenmore Footballers (Unbeaten Champions 1914 – 1925). [1925 on football in photo]
Back Row: James Vereker (Davidstown), Jim Murphy, William Irish, Pat Hartley, Andy Heffernan, Richard Hanrahan.
Next Row: Mick Heffernan, John Fitzgerald, John Doherty, Paul Fitzgerald, Michael Connolly, Peter Kirwan, Paddy Cody, James Dunphy.
Next Row: Stephen Heffernan, James Fitzgerald, Martin Cody (Captain), Fr. Richard Vereker, John Phelan, Bill Hartley (Busherstown).
Front Row: Jim Hanrahan, John Mullins, Mick Cody, Paddy Murphy.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
One Hundred Years Ago: July 1923
By July 1923 the Irish Civil War was over and local newspapers adopted an attitude of getting back to “normal.” With fewer atrocities to report articles concerning the issues plaguing the fledgling Free State Government often took centre stage with human interest stories appearing as filler. The coverage of crime was often related to land issues or was of a more petty nature. Today, we feature articles that appeared in local newspapers that Glenmore people would have read and discussed one hundred years ago.
Issues Facing the Free State Government
The unresolved issues that plagued the fledgling Free State Government included housing, the land question, industrial strife and what to do with the Civil War prisoners.
Housing
With respect to the housing issue, the New Ross Standard (Fri. 13 July 1923, p. 3) suggested a solution that had just been adopted in France. The newspaper claimed that its readers had expressed agreement with proposed French legislation that they believed could tackle the Irish housing crisis. Under the French initiative owners of vacant houses were compelled to keep authorities notified when their houses were vacant. The Mayor of every town received the power to requisition the vacant houses and let them at normal rents, thereby preventing houses from being unreasonably withheld from the public.
The Verdicts in the Shanbogh Land Cases
The thorny issue of how to recognise the right to private ownership of land and at the same time recognise the rights of tenants resulted in several high-profile cases. One of these cases that garnered national attention was the Shanbogh Land case. The verdicts in the Shanbogh Land case were published in July 1923.
Grace v. Holden et al
As we highlighted in our post of 24 July 2023, Edward Grace, of Forristalstown, Glenmore sued and sought injunctive relief in the High Court against James Holden and men who helped Holden dispossess Grace from land Grace was renting as a statutory tenant from the Boyd family.
Background
James Holden had been a tenant of about 60 acres and a dwellinghouse in 1880 on land in Shanbogh on the Boyd Estate when he was evicted. In 1920 about 24 acres of his evicted holding was allotted to Grace as well as the house where he originally lived.
Mr. Colfer, the solicitor for the Boyd Estate, testified that Holden was a poor man and had been living in the workhouse. Holden agreed to take the £500 offered in full satisfaction of all his claims, if any, against the lands of Shanbogh, and “the acquisition of the tenants interest in the lands by Edward Grace had his absolute approval.” Holden was quoted as saying,” I thought I would never get anything out of Shanbogh.” However, after agreeing to the £500 payment Holden in 1922 entered the lands with others and threw Grace out.
James Holden, was noted as being an old age pensioner; co-defendant Patrick McDonald was employed as a labourer and the other two co-defendants, Daniel Doolan and James Whelan were both farmers.
Grace v. Holden et al Verdict
The Master of the Rolls said that there could only be one result. He entered an injunction enjoining the four defendants from interfering with the statutory tenant Grace or the use of his land and also entered judgment against all four of the defendants.
Defendants Whelan and Doolan both undertook not to interfere with the plaintiff’s holding in future. Damages were found to be £340. Holden was said to be deaf, but McDonald expressed that he would not quit the land. McDonald affirmed to the Court he understood that he would be violating the injunction.
Other Shanbogh Verdicts
Other plaintiffs, and statutory tenants, in similar cases were also heard. Margaret Forrestal was awarded £100 against James Holden, Patrick McDonald and James Sullivan.
Patrick Forrestal was awarded £80 against James Holden, Patrick McDonald, Thomas Shea, James Whelan and Daniel Doolan, Sr.
Philip Malone was awarded £180 against James Holden, Patrick McDonald, James Whelan, Nicholas Forrestal, Thomas Shea, and Thomas Greene.
In the only case not involving James Holden and his nephew Patrick McDonald, John Aylward was awarded £100 against Daniel Doolan, Sr., Edward Doolan, Sr., Edward Doolan , Jr.; Daniel Doolan, Jr.; and Patrick Doolan (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 July 1923, p. 6).
Daniel Doolan, Sr. and Edward Doolan, Sr. were brothers and the other Doolan defendants were sons of Edward Doolan, Sr. (Munster Express, Sat. 7 July 1923, p. 6)
Defiant Defendant James Holden
Notwithstanding the damages awarded against him and the injunction it was reported in the New Ross Standard (Fri. 27 July 1923, p. 8) that a process server accompanied by the military went to the house where James Holden was living in violation of the injunction issued by the High Court. Holden was served with an unspecified notice in late July.
For information on the “Eviction of James Holden” see, Danny Dowling’s (1927-2021) article published in Decies: The Journal of the Waterford Archaelogical and Historical Society (1976, vol. 2 p. 24).
Industrial Strife
In the Waterford area the strike involving the farm labourers was not resolved. Transport workers supported the strikers. This had a knock-on effect on local industries that relied on agricultural produce such as mills, creameries, town markets and the bacon cellars of Waterford city.
“Owing to the trouble at the ports there has not been a pig market held at Thomastown for the past fortnight. Many pig feeders have had their pigs ready for market, but they are unable to dispose of them” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 20 July 1923, p. 5). Denny’s announced that “owing to traffic difficulties it was unable to receive pigs for slaughter until further notice” (Munster Express, Sat. 14 July 1923, p. 5).
Baton Charge
On Friday the 13th and Saturday the 14th the Civic Guards drew their batons and charged a large crowd at the Yellow Road, Waterford City. Early on Friday a large number of pigs belonging to farmers in Kilmeaden were brought to Waterford and stored in J.J. Phelan’s auction paddocks.
Labour pickets took up position outside the premises to prevent the sale of the pigs. A large crowd gathered and expressed sympathy for the labourers. At 11 p.m. as the crowd continued to grow and become hostile they were ordered to go home. When they failed to move on the guards with drawn batons charged the crowd. A stampede followed. The charge lasted about 10 minutes afterwards the street was completely cleared. No person was injured.
There was a continuance of the trouble on Saturday night, however this time “it assumed the dimensions of a riot on a small scale.” The charge on Saturday night lasted 20 minutes and again the streets were cleared. “The pigs were later removed from the paddocks to the country under military escort” (Munster Express, Sat. 21 July 1923, p. 4).
Civil War Prisoners
Excitement was caused in Clonmel on the 14th when 41 prisoners escaped via a tunnel from the Emmet Barracks. The alarm was raised and 7 prisoners were captured in the yard next to the barracks (Munster Express, Sat. 21 July 1923, p. 4). Searches immediately commenced for the other escapees.
On Sunday the 22nd in the evening a public demonstration was held in the Tholsel Square, New Ross demanding the release of the Republican prisoners. There was a large attendance of people. The New Ross O’Hanrahan Pipers Band attended and played a selection of national airs (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 July 1923, p. 4)
Glenmore in the News
The military posts at Newbawn and at Aylwardstown (Glenmore railway station) were abolished, and it was announced that Civic Guard stations were to be established at the Rower, Glenmore and Slieverue (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 July 1923, p. 7). See our post of 26 September 2021 for further details on the Glenmore Garda station.
A Glenmore Motor Mystery
On or about the 10th of July, “some boat men on their way from Waterford” saw a Ford motor car in the Barrow river at Glenmore. The newspapers stated that it was a suggestion for a super-film thriller. It stood on its wheels on the mud on the Kilkenny side of the river at Blackrock, at the end of Carney bay (sic) on the middle reaches of the Barrow, about 8 ½ miles from New Ross.
“At low water it is high and dry, but at full tide it is completely covered. The nearest road running from Glenmore station to Rochestown point and thence to Ringville is two or three hundred yards distant, and behind the point where the car stands the Kilkenny bank rises to a considerable height straight up from the river and is thickly planted.”
“How the car reached its present position is a mystery. There are no marks on the bank, and the possibility of its having floated there from another point is negatived by the fact that its weight would be in the neighbourhood of 15 cwt” (Munster Express, Sat. 21 July 1923, p. 4; Free Press (Wexford) Sat. 14 July 1923, p. 8). Unfortunately, we could not locate any further information on this mystery.
Glenmore Defendants Summoned
Three different Glenmore men were summoned to the New Ross District Court for having unlicensed dogs.
Guard John O’Mahony summoned Peter Fitzgerald of Killvory, Glenmore for keeping two unlicensed dogs. Fitzgerald did not appear. The Guard testified that Fitzgerald told him that he only got the dogs recently and did not know the time for taking out the license. District Court Judge Fahy replied, “The public had ample notice that the licences should be taken out before 31st March, and it was now the middle of July.” He fined Fitzgerald £1 and costs and ordered Fitzgerald to take out a license.
Guard Michael Hunt summoned Patrick Forrestal, Ballyverneen, Glenmore, for a similar offence. Forrestal said he only had the dogs two months and always took out licences. The Judge fined Forrestal 5s. and costs and ordered him to take out licences. He ended the hearing by stating, “The fine would be heavier if you did not appear” (Free Press (Wexford), Sat,.14 July 1923, p. 5).
Guard Michael Hunt also summoned Michael Fitzgerald, Glenmore for having two unlicensed dogs. In this unusual case the defendant reported himself to the Guard. The defendant explained that he could not get the forms in the post office on the 13th of April. He was not fined, but ordered to take out a license (New Ross Standard, Fri. 13 July 1923, p. 7).
Glenmore Winner at Waterford Feis
At the Waterford Feis held at the Presentation grounds on Sunday the first of July, Sean Murphy, of Glenmore took first in the Senior Hornpipe (Munster Express, Sat. 7 July 1923, p. 3).
Glenmore Sports
Not only was there an increase in sporting and other events special excursion trains were again running. The Dublin and South Eastern Railway provided a special excursion train for the Waterford Athletic & Cycling Sports held on Sunday the 15th of July. The train was scheduled to leave New Ross at noon with a ticket costing 2s.6d. and departing Glenmore at 12:11 p.m. with a fare of 1s. The train was scheduled to arrive in Waterford at 12:30 p.m. The return train to leave Waterford at 8 p.m. (Free Press (Wexford) Sat. 14 July 1923, p. 4).
The New Ross Standard (Fri. 6 July 1923, p. 7) announced that the senior Kilkenny football team–that was to play Meath in Croke Park on the 8th in the Leinster championship semi- final– a dozen of the team hailed from Glenmore. This match will be covered in our next post.
“A crowd numbering some hundreds witnessed an interesting football contest” on Monday the 2nd of July between junior teams representing Haggard and Glenmore South. “For junior teams it was a fine display in football. Haggard won by 1 goal, 5 point to 1 goal, 3 points. A return match is anticipated” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 July 1923, p. 7).
On Sunday the 22nd of July at Belmont, Ferrybank, Glenmore and Slieverue met in the first round of the Kilkenny Co. Junior Hurling Championship. Both teams were old rivals. Also, a friendly football match was played between Glenmore and Gracedieu (Munster Express, Sat. 21 July 1923, p. 5). Glenmore defeated Slieverue in the first round of the Kilkenny junior hurling championship on the score of 7-3 to 1-0.
Farming & Fishing
At the end of June new potatoes were offered for sale in New Ross. The first supply sold at 3d, per pound (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 July 1923, p. 7). Following the change in the weather there was a brisk demand for cabbage plants at the New Ross fair with prices ranging from 7s. to 9s. per thousand seedings (New Ross Standard, Fri. 13 July 1923, p. 8).
A farmer was killed near Waterford through falling off a load of hay (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 July 1923, p. 8). According to the Munster Express (Sat. 28 July 1923, p. 4) the farmer was John Hurley (60), of Ballyduff Lower. He was “carting hay from a field to his haggard, fell from the top of the haystack, and was killed.”
A trout weighing 4.5 lbs. was caught with a rod and fly in the Barrow, at Ballyogan, by a Ross man (New Ross Standard, Fri. 13 July 1923, p. 8).
“The Barrow was becoming famous as the hunting ground for strange creatures.” In July 1923, a porpoise was caught at St. Mullins, and further north a huge pike. A seal which one man swore was as big as a young calf, was also observed in the river. Eels reputed to be as thick as a man’s wrist were also landed. “If many more of the denizens of the ocean come up, the question of starting a zoo can be considered” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 July 1923, p. 4).
Love Was in the Air
The New Ross Standard noted that there was a boom in marriages with the end of the Civil War. In the month of June there were 60 weddings in New Ross and three in the adjoining parishes (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 July 1923, p. 7).
At the meeting of the Thomastown District Council, an old man named Paddy Kiely, of Ballyhale, appeared before the meeting and made an application to be allowed to select a wife from the inmates of the County Home. The application caused much amusement, and Messrs McDonald and Wasterman were appointed to accompany Kiely through the house.
Eventually Paddy selected a woman named Jane Loughlin, and on being asked if she would consent, Jane asked to be allowed a month to consider. To this Paddy agreed, and promised to attend the next meeting (New Ross Standard, Fri. 20 July 1923, p. 5). No record could be located for a marriage between Paddy and Jane.
Miscellaneous Items
French photographers were “up in arms” against the French Tennis association, which prohibited cameras on the tennis courts because the female players revealed their legs. It was suggested by the photographers that the female players should be required to wear petticoats. The “lady players unanimously rejected” petticoats on the grounds that the garments would impede their game (Kilkenny People, Sat. 21 July 1923, p. 6).
Calls were made for the enforcement of the Vaccination Act. A smallpox outbreak occurred in England, and there was a great danger of it spreading in Ireland (New Ross Standard, Fri. 20 July 1923, p. 6).
It was announced that the weekly Ireland’s Own reduced its price to 2d. per copy (Munster Express, Sat. 7 July 1923, p. 6).
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
One Hundred Years Ago: June 1923
With the end of the Civil War the local newspapers filled their pages with local politics and berated the Free State Government for both its actions and inactions in attempting to deal with the continued lawlessness, strikes, unemployment, business closures, lack of housing, the damage to roads and bridges and the Civil War prisoners. The courts were attempting to deal with tenants who failed to pay rent during the unrest and the unlawful seizure of property and dwellinghouses.
PEACE AT LAST
The New Ross Standard’s editorial published on 1 June 1923 (p. 4) proclaimed “PEACE AT LAST.”
“It is evident from the documents published this week that the painful and destructive campaign that so depressed and disheartened the people of Ireland for a very long period, and would, if it had been continued much longer, have reduced the country to ruin and bankruptcy, has now been ended.”
“Would that the leaders had acted differently many months ago and ceased to mislead their too credulous followers into the belief that the course they were pursing was in the interests of their country, and would eventuate in Ireland being made a Republic. There is now a disposition on the part of very many people to forgive and forget the pact, believing that the followers were misguided…”
“It is the manifest duty of everyone to work for unity so that we may successfully build up our nation and realise that hopes of our people when a measure of freedom came to Ireland.”
ORDER TO DUMP WEAPONS
In the same edition, on the next page, the paper published the order given by de Valera to lay down weapons. This order was found on the 25th of May in the possession of a Republican leader.
“Order of the Day; To all Ranks; From the President: Soldier of Liberty—Legion of the Rear-guard, The Republic can no longer be defended successfully by your arms. Further sacrifices on your part would now be vain and continuance of the struggle in arms unwise in the national interest. Military victory must be allowed to rest for the moment with those who have destroyed the Republic. Other means must be sought to safeguard the nation’s rights.”
“Do not let sorrow overwhelm you. Your efforts and the sacrifices of your dead comrades in this forlorn hope will surely bear fruit. You have saved the nation’s honour and kept open the road to independence. Laying aside your arms now is an act of patriotism as exalted and purse as your valour in taking them up.”
“Seven years of intense efforts have exhausted our people. Their sacrifices and their sorrows have been many. If they have turned away and have not given you the active support which alone could bring you victory in this last year, it is because they are weary and need a rest. Give them a little time to recover and rally again to the standard. They will then quickly discover who have been selfless and who selfish—who have spoke truth and who falsehood…”
“The sufferings which you must now face unarmed you will bear in a manner worthy of men who were ready to give their lives for their cause…Eamon de Valera.” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
The newspaper also published an order from Frank Aiken, Chief of Staff… “The arms with which we have fought the enemies of our country are to be dumped. The foreign and domestic enemies of the Republic have for the moment prevailed. But our enemies have not won…Frank Aiken, Chief of Staff.”
Permits, Arrests & Executions
Permits for pedal bikes were still required in New Ross and districts on the first of June (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5). However, the very next week it was reported that the permits were no longer required (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 5).
Troops searched some houses in Campile the last Friday in May. Miss Colfer and Miss Lawlor, were arrested at Campile two weeks earlier and Miss Cleary of Whitechurch, along with other arrested women were removed to Kilmainham, Dublin (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Two men were executed in Tuam military barracks on the morning of the 29th of May. They were arrested the previous week two hours after the Munster & Leinster Bank of Athenry was robbed. They had £700 and two loaded Webley revolvers in their possession. They were tried by court martial and admitted the robbery but claimed that the robbery had no political significance. They claimed they were forced agents in connection with land trouble (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Repairs & Destruction
G.S. and W.R. railway bridges at Ballywilliam and Taylorstown were repaired. The Barrow was dragged and the missing shaft of the big railway bridge between Campile and Waterford was returned to its “usual position” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
After being out of action for six months the telephone service between New Ross and Wexford was restored (New Ross Standard, Fri.15 June 1923, p. 5).
The Boyne Obelisk, erected in 1736 on the site of the “memorable battle,” was blown up on the last day of May. The monument bore an inscription to the effect that it had been erected by the Protestants of Great Britain and Ireland and was “sacred to the glorious memory of King William III, who, on 1st July 1690, cross the Boyne at this place to attack James II at the head of a Popish army (Waterford News & Star, 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Free State Army & Prisoners
General Mulchy testified before the Dail that at the beginning of 1923 there were approximately 50,000 men in the Free State Army. He said that in June there were 49,000 and the end of the year he expected there to be 28 to 30 thousand men serving. There were 12,000 men and women under arrest and the General replied that if the situation in the country rapidly changed the Government’s attitude would quickly change with regard to dealing with suspects, prisoners and convicts of certain crimes (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 5).
Proposed Legislation for Revolt
Under the Public Safety (Emergency Powers) Bill, a person could be sentenced to death or to penal servitude for a term not less that 8 years for armed revolt or for threatening any person or damaging any property in furtherance of such revolt. A person could only be detained for a week at which point he was charged or released. “With regard to whippings, in addition to other penalties for robbery under arms, youths under 16 shall not receive more than 25 strokes of a birch-rod, while in the case of any other male person the number of strokes shall not exceed 50. The court to specify the number of strokes and the instrument to be used. Every person who is now detained in custody…or held in interment by the military may be detained in custody under the Act” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 6).
Slump in Athletic Sports
With the end of the Civil War many postponed events were arranged, but the New Ross Standard reported that there was a “slump in athletic sports.“ “Not for a quarter of a century was there such a slump in athletic sports as there is this summer. For years on of the difficulties that confronted promoters of sports was to get a date on which too many other fixtures would not clash, but this year dates are going abegging” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 22 June 1923, p. 5).
FARMING
A large supply of wool went to the New Ross Market. Hogget wool washed brought 9.5d per pound while unwashed received 7.5d per pound. “Prices of high class and finer wool up to 1s.2d. per pound (New Ross Standard, Fri. 15 June 1923. p. 8).
It was reported that the potato plants and fruit trees suffered from the “recent frosts” with the plants and blossoms being considerably burned (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 4 & 5).
Cabbage plants of good quality realised from 7s to 10s per thousand at New Ross on fair day (New Ross Standard, Fri. 15 June 1923, p. 5).
“Notwithstanding the numerous predictions as to the likelihood of a failure of the hay crop owing to the dry, harsh weather,” there were many fairly good first crop meadows cut in the district during the last week of June. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 7).
INTERNATIONAL NEWS
Heat Wave in America—a great heat wave swept over America, and a larg2 number of victims reported. Upwards of fifty persons died from the heat. New York on Wednesday experienced its hottest day for 30 years. There were seven deaths. Transportation was impacted as the heat buckled the train rails. Temperatures of 100 Fahrenheit were reported and 17 people died in Chicago. The authorities in New York threw open the parks for sleeping purposes, and the Fire Department was ordered to arrange for constant showers of water in the streets. Thousands of persons, mainly women and children slept on the park benches. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 3).
Campbell, the English motorist, made a world’s record on a Sunbeam car at the France motor car races, covering the mile in 26.14 seconds, or at the rate of 137 miles per hour (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 5).
GLENMORE IN THE NEWS
MISHAP TO MOTOR PARTY
“When a motor car was coming round a curve on the road at the Pink Rock, between Glenmore and New Ross, on Friday morning, one of the hind wheels broke, and the car turned, throwing the occupants on to the road. One of them, Mr. O’Brien, Manor-street, Waterford, received a rather severe injury, and was taken to the Royal Hotel, New Ross, where he was medically treated, and subsequently taken to one of the local hospitals, where he was for some days” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 5).
John Dunphy of Ballyverneen, Glenmore
Amongst those appointed Commissioners of the Peace for the Co. Kilkenny in June 1923 was Mr. John Dunphy, M.C.C., chairman of Ida District Council, Ballyverneen, Glenmore (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Rev. John Phelan of Glenmore
In June 1923, at St. Mary’s Cathedral, Kilkenny, two South Kilkenny students were ordained by Most Rev. Dr. Downey. These included: Rev. P. Darmod, Crobally, Mullinavat to San Francisco and Rev. John Phelan, Glenmore to Sydney (Munster Express, Sat. 16 June 1923, p. 5).
Glenmore Football
Owing to All Ireland football final on June 17th the date of the Kilkenny Feis, a communication was received stating that Dublin would be unable to field a hurling team to play Kilkenny at the Feis. It was decided that Kildare senior football team be invited to play Kilkenny. The invitation was accepted by Kildare, who field their best inter-county team for the match. The selection of the Kilkenny team was left to Glenmore senior football team—Kilkenny county champions (Munster Express, Sat. 2 June 1923, p. 5).
This math was eagerly anticipated. “The sternly fought contest between these two teams in Leix [in May] in which Kilkenny by a narrow margin were the winners is proof that the silver cup put up by the Feis Committee for the match will not be softly won” (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 8).
“A great game was witnessed at Kilkenny on Sunday the 17th when Glenmore and Kildare met for the splendid cup presented by the Feis Committee. Kildare won the toss, and decided to play towards the city goal, having the advantage of the wind and sun. Kilkenny were first away from the throw in and sent wide. Several other overs resulted, and Kildare, breaking through, scored a point. Kilkenny equalised almost immediately, and missed a goal shortly afterwards. There was no further scoring until half-time, when the score stood one point each.”
“Kildare attacked for the first ten minutes of the second half, and succeeded in raising the green flag. Kilkenny now brought the play into the Kildare territory, and after a great scrimmage around the goal, the ball was boxed into the net for the equaliser. Both teams were now trying for all they were worth for the lead, and after both ends being visited, Kilkenny scored the winning point and at the final whistle the score stood: Kilkenny 1-2; Kildare, 1-1” (Munster Express, Sat. 23 June 1923, p. 6).
Edward Grace, of Glenmore v. James Holden & Others
This case was heard in Dublin in June 1923. Edward Grace, farmer, of Glenmore sought an injunction against James Holden, and his nephew, Patrick MacDonald, Daniel Doolan and James Whelan, all of Shanbogh in respect of lands at Shanbogh lower, Damages were claimed for the trespass and taking away and destruction of certain property. Plaintiff held over 75 acres under an agreement dated 17 April 1922 with Caroline H. C. Burthaell as landlord. Edward Grace paid a yearly rent of £61. . It was noted that for the last couple of years, a number of people were seizing lad which did not belong to them and held it against the true owners.
The 75 acres was on the Boyd estate, which contained about 400 acres, and it was untenanted for the previous 40 years. It had been evicted about the year 1880, and since that time had been let for grazing until 1920. Local opposition grew to the continued grazing. Mr. Colfer the solicitor for the owners and Father O’Shea tried hard to bring about an agreement with the evictees from 1880. Mr Grace paid £1,200 for an allotment of 75 acres which was to pay off the evited tenants. Holden was allocated £500 of the purchase price which he accepted, but had failed to collect from Father O’Shea.
Holden and MacDonald, broke and entered the lands and took possession of the dwellinghouse, and by threats and violence compelled the plaintiff to leave. With others they ploughed the lands, sowed them with corn, cut and saved plaintiff’s hay and converted it to their own use. The Republicans held a Court about 9 April and ordered Holden not to interfere with the lands. Holden and MacDonald disobeyed the order and were arrested by the Irregulars.
All defendants were found liable for the damages suffered by the plaintiff. Similar actions also listed included Philip Malone v. James Holden & Others; Patrick Forrestal v. James Holden & Others; Margaret Forrestal v. James Holden & Others, and John Aylward v. Daniel Holden & Others (Munster Express, Sat. 30 June 1923, p. 5).
For further information concerning the Boyd Estate see,”Glenmore & the United Irish League’s Rosberon Rally” post published 15 Jan. 2023.
For further information concerning the Boyd murder see our post of 7 Nov. 2021.
Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
One Hundred Years Ago: May 1923
Although the Civil War ended on 24 May 1923 after the IRA Chief of staff issued a ceasefire order. However, after the arrest of several leaders and the apparent futility of the struggle the IRA suspended military actions. Local newspapers surprisingly carried very little on the subject. An editorial in the New Ross Standard summed up as follows:
“The country is very relieved that there is practically a cessation of the foolish but criminal conduct that has been devastating the land for some time. We are thankful that our newspapers are not now reeking of murder and destruction of property, as they were for the past year, that number of young fellows are not hurled into eternity day after day without warning, and without being given even a few minutes to prepare for death. In a few isolated instances there are still some hostilities…” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11, May 1923, p. 4).
On the other hand, newspapers began to mark the changes that reinforced Ireland as a Free State.
The Cunard line, Carmania, called at Cobh on the morning of the 6th of May “to embark passengers for New York. The Carmania was the first British liner to pay the courtesy of flying the Irish tricolour from its foremast. This courtesy was done by ships entering foreign ports.
Later that evening the White Star line, Baltic, landed 326 sacks of American mail at Cohb. For the first time a Free State immigration officer. R.E. Larkin, officiated under the Aliens Act. British officials performed this duty heretofore” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 4).
Arrests Continued
Although the Civil War ended arrests of local men continued. On the 22nd of May, Thomas Hartley, Weatherstown, Glenmore, and James Hoyne, Coolroebeg, Thomastown, were arrested by the military. An irregular, Martin Hartley, Ballalog, Tulloghor, was arrested the same week by National Troops at Glenmore. Two Irregulars named Patrick Walsh and Richard Brennan, both of whom escaped from Kilkenny Military Barracks, earlier in the year were captured at Mooncoin on the 22nd (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 26 May 1923, p. 12).
Impact
The newspapers in May began to transition from reporting on the horrors of the Civil War to reporting on its impact on the economy of the fledgling Free State.
“Unemployment was at an abnormal level…At the end of March there were 33,000—twice the normal number… At the start of May 1923 the Dail began debating an emergency £250,000 to extend the benefits period. The Unemployment Fund of £550,000 and exhausted (New Ross Standard, Fri. 4 May 1923, p. 4).
Damaged Rail Lines
In several areas the rail infrastructure remained severely damaged and this had a knock on effect. At the beginning of May 1923, after the 30 April ceasefire was declared by the IRA, the military reported to the Dail that “they are now ready to protect all the railway lines, and the companies have been so notified and urged to re-open closed lines.”
Deputy R. Corish argued in the Dail that the Great Southern & Western Railway had neglected their interests and those of the people they served. In July 1922 the line between Wexford town and Waterford was damaged and remained unrepaired.
Their boats were withdrawn that plied between Fishguard and Rosslare. The effect of their decisions reduced the Wexford Meat Supply Co. to half staff because there was no outlet for their “dead meat.” This in turn impacted on local farmers and the wages they could pay. “Ireland is suffering, and suffering badly, as a result of their laxiety” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 4 May 1923, p. 4).
Obviously missing from Deputy Corish’s speech was the fact that the Irregulars destroyed rail lines as fast as they were repaired, and National Troops had been unable to stop the attacks on the lines or rolling stock. Also repairs were not always easy to perform. For example, at the end of May it was reported that divers were attempting to locate the apparatus which opened the draw arch in the Barrow bridge on the G.S. and W.R. between Campile and Waterford.
The apparatus was thrown apparently into the river. Consequently, the arch could not be closed. It was hoped that if the apparatus could be located the arch could be closed, and thus allow trains to run as far as Ballycullane (Munster Express, Sat. 26 May 1923, p. 4).
Industrial Strife
Jim Larkin returned to Ireland at the end of April 1923 after an absence of 8 years. Larken said he found the rich richer and the poor poorer than when he left. “He might have added, and industry much less evident. It has been all but killed by profiteering and doles to workers “(New Ross Standard, Fri. 4 May 1923, p. 4).
Waterford Agricultural Labourers Dispute
A dispute erupted between agricultural labourers and farmers in East Waterford in mid-May. Several incidents were reported in the Munster Express including the stealing of engine bearings at the Kilmeaden creamery which brought work to a halt and the burning of hay. Farmers moved to protect the creameries until a military party relieved them.
Farmers attempting to move goods had them seized by large groups. Mrs. Rickards, of Rossduff, was on her way home with provisions when her provisions were seized. She returned to Waterford and the military recovered her provisions in Ballygunner. Rickards was a sister of J.J. Walsh, Postmaster General and her husband was interned in 1920-1921.
The dispute soon escalated impacting on other industries. J & S Phelan, Waterford, closed “owing to” its employees refusing to handle goods purchased by farmers. “The latter preceded to another Waterford house where their requirements were supplied.”
Gaultier Creamery sent 14 tons of butter to the Great Western depot at Waterford for shipment. Agricultural labourers were picketing the depot and the dockers refused to handle the butter. The two carriers from the Creamery loaded the butter on the steamer. The picket attempted to stop them loading onto the ship, but the military intervened with bayonets.
When the butter was loaded the sailors and firemen left the ship. Passengers were on board as well as a large quantity of livestock. The Captain suggested that the butter be taken back to the creamery which was done to the cheers of the agricultural labourers, the dockers, the sailors and firemen (Munster Express, Sat. 26 May 1923, p. 5).
Postal Dispute
Postal difficulties showed no sign of improving in Dublin. The Postmaster-General stated that Sunday collections and delivery would not be restored and bank holidays were to be observed as Sundays. To the dismay of Dublin businesses, the last delivery of letters was three o’clock.
Midnight and 5 a.m. collections were also abandoned. Businesses also reported long delays in letter delivery and a huge increase in lost letters. It was estimated that the post office “means a loss of over a million pounds a year to the Free State taxpayer” who pays more for letters and telephones than citizens in the Six Counties and Britain (New Ross Standard, Fri. 18 May 1923, p. 5).
Housing & Cost of Food Inflation
Ironically the Government one hundred years ago was wrestling with two issues that face the Government today, housing and inflation.
In May 1923 discussions took place in the Dail regarding the provision of more houses in Ireland. The price of new materials in Ireland was much higher than in England, and tradesmen’s wages were higher in Ireland than England. It was argued that the tradesmen were idle for so long that when work came their way wages were higher to allow the tradesmen to live. It was argued that continuous employment would reduce high wages (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 4)
It was estimated that at least 40,000 to 45,000 houses were required. Under the Labourers Act 47,965 and of these 41,851 were built in rural areas. Much was required for urban housing. The Minister for Local Government put aside £700,000 for housing in the estimates for the year. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 5).
The high cost of food was regularly aired in the local newspapers. For example, it was noted in mid-May “there is a great glut of potatoes this season, but the prices charged to consumers are very high and unfair” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 4).
Glenmore People in the News
Publican Peter Gahan
Glenmore native Peter Gahan (1888-1958) appeared in the New Ross District Court on Thursday the 17th of May 1923. Gahan was charged with two cases of breaching the Licensing Act. See our post of 19 March 2023 for further details concerning Gahan who operated a pub and funeral business in New Ross.
Case 1
The first case charged Gahan with on the 17th of April 1923 having on his premises James Martin, of William St., and Thomas Furlong, of High Street. Thomas A. Colfer, solicitor, appeared for the defendant and said, “on a former occasion he occupied a similar position and the court was kind enough to express appreciation of his action in not taking up time with a fictitious defence. In the same way he now entered a plea of guilty, and in fairness to the defendant he wished to clear up one or two matters…
Sergeant Haugh of the New Ross Civic Guards testified that at 11:22 on the 17th of April he found two men drinking on the premises and several soldiers. The defendant alleged that one man had come for a coffin and the other, Martin, was Gahan’s employee. Four national soldiers were billeted on the premises and 11 belonged to a column.
“His Worship” referred to the warning he gave New Ross publicans and expressed surprise that Mr. Gahan was again before him. “Mr. Colfer put the circumstances of the case very fully and very sensibly before him. He was glad to say that the public houses were now put out of bounds as regards the military. A public house seemed to be a snug billet for some of them, and he thoroughly appreciated Mr. Gahan’s difficulty. There was a technical offence…” He fined Gahan £1 and costs and defendant Furlong 5s. and costs. He dismissed the case against Martin.
Case 2
At 6 p.m. on Sunday the 6th of May 1923, Guard Kelly found five men in Gahan’s premises. One was a soldier from Waterford, another a traveller, and the other a wireless operator who left on Tuesday. Two of the men, James Gordon of South St. and Patrick Hunt of William St. were not travellers and should not have been served on a Sunday. Mr. Colfer again pleaded guilty for Gahan and said that Gahan invited the men in for a drink as they were personal friends of his and no money was paid.
“His Worship” told Gahan that if he “persisted in this kind of work he would lose his license eventually.” He fined Gahan €5 and costs. “He was thinking of endorsing his license, but he would give him another chance. If anything occurred between now and next September nothing would save him from losing his license.” Gordan and Hunt were fined 40s. and costs. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 18 May 1923, p. 8).
For further details regarding Sunday licensing requirements see our post of 21 May 2023.
Glenmore GAA Players Selected
An emergency meeting of the Kilkenny County GAA Committee was held on Sunday the 6th of May 1923. “The principal business of the meeting was the consideration of invitations to the senior hurling team, who were the Leinster champions, to play matches. “Since the defeat of Dublin in the Leinster final the county board has been deluged with invitations from various places in Leinster and Munster to allow the champions to play exhibition games against other prominent teams. It was impossible to accept all invitations, but it was agreed to field the championship team in some prominent matches.
The selection committee was held and two Glenmore players were selected for the Kilkenny Junior Football team, E. Freyne and M. Cody (believed to be Edward “Ned” Freyne and Michael Cody) (Munster Express, Sat. 12 May 1923, p. 5).
Apologies for the delay in posting this but our home internet and phone went out. Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
One Hundred Years Ago: April 1923
The Tenth Month of the Civil War
Although the Civil War continued, the ferocity of previous months was not reported in local newspapers. With hindsight today it appears that the Civil War was winding down. An editorial in the New Ross Standard noted that people were crossing the channel for a quiet holiday, thus suggesting that 100 years ago people sensed or knew that the war was ending.
“The Eastertide has so far passed with comparative quiet in the capital. The glorious spell of summer-like weather…attracted thousands to the seaside, and a notable feature of this year, due to the condition in the country, was the remarkable number of people who crossed the channel for a quiet holiday…The only sad feature of the season in Dublin is the recurrence of a particularly painful …tragedy.” Not less than three young men were found dead this week in Dublin (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 4).
Arrests & Prisoners
At the beginning of April “New Ross troops made close on twenty arrests…”(New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 5). Troops operating from Wexford arrested two Irregulars, named Parcell (sic) and Hartley, of Glenmore (Freeman’s Journal, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 7).
J. Egan, a Republican leader, of Mullinahone (Tipperary) was “killed in a duel” with Lt. McGrath, of the National Garrison of Fethard. The fight was a sequel to the capture of Egan’s column. Egan attempted to escape, but was pursued by Lt. McGrath for a mile across country and mortally wounded. The officer was wounded slightly (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 April 1923, p. 2).
Seventy-one prisoners escaped from the Curragh Camp by means of a tunnel on the morning of the 24th of April. A number were immediately re-captured (Munster Express, Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 6).
Attacks
On the 5th of April Irregulars were firing from Carrickbeg hills into Carrick-on-Suir. This was the heaviest attack the town experienced for months. The firing lasted for about two hours. Bullets went through windows in houses opposite the new bridge and whizzed through the streets and the Park. No one in the town was injured.
However, it was reported also on the same page that Mr. Clarke, Lord Waterford’s chauffeur, was shot in the head about 7 o’clock the evening of the 5th. Lord Waterford and his sisters, Ladies Blanche and Katharine Beresford, were traveling from the Kilkenny Hunt Races to Curraghmore by the short cut through Jonestown near Carrick. “The firing was going on when his lordship arrived in Carrick. He crossed the bridge and motored up part of the Mothel road towards the main road that would take him to the back entrance gates of Curraghmore.”
“There was a regular hail of bullets from the Carrickbeg hills at the time. Some of them struck the car, and the chauffeur received a bullet in his head. He was taken into a house on the Mothel Road and attended by the Ladies, Lord Waterford, some neighbours and Dr. Stephenson.”
At first it was thought that Clarke had been killed. “The latest news is that his condition is much improved.” The wound was described as deep and tore the man’s scalp badly. Lord Waterford and the Ladies attended the Waterford Hunt Point-to-point race the following day, and “appeared to be none the worse for their exciting experience.” The irregulars on the hills mistook Lord Waterford’s motor car for a military car. When they ascertained that it was not a military car the firing ceased. Lord Waterford left for England on Saturday evening (Munster Express, Sat. 14 April 1923, p. 3).
The following week the Kilkenny People reported that military operations “on a big scale” are going on in Co. Waterford, from the Comeraghs near Carrick-on-Suir to West Waterford. “Some interesting developments are expected from the operations” (Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 11). The same day, it was reported that “after a lull of several weeks there was an outbreak of firing in Waterford… The outburst, which started after 10 o’clock, lasted about twenty minutes (Munster Express, Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 6).
Piracy
On the 14th a “motor barge plying between Waterford and Graiguenamanagh was boarded by a number of armed men, who carried off a large quantity of whiskey and some bacon.” The raid occurred at about 12:30 p.m. in the vicinity of Ballinlaw. Shots were discharged across the bow of the barge and the barge was ordered to “pull up.” Simultaneously two small boats containing the armed men boarded the boat and selected from its cargo six dozen bottles of whiskey, one complete bale of bacon, and three further sides of bacon. “On the same day a similar raid was effected (sic) on a private barge trading between Graiguenamanagh and New Ross. Two bags of sugar and other foodstuff were stolen” (Munster Express, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 5).
By the end of the month it was also reported that there was “considerable military in Thomastown and surrounding districts” with large parties of troops operating from Inistioge (sic) to Stoneyford. The River Nore between both places was being carefully guarded (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 April 1923, p. 8).
Arson
The burning of “big houses” continued and there was an attempt to burn down the Kilkenny Carnegie Library. The arson was foiled when the petrol and other flammable substances, matches and cloth were found. It appears that the would-be arsonist was waiting for the library to close. A couple of night previously books were stolen from the building by gaining entry though a window (Kilkenny People, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 6).
Another foiled arson involved an attack on the home of Mrs. Powell, sister of the late General Michael Collins. The firing lasted a half hour. The assailants were, after an intense attack, repelled by National Troops who were guarding the house since a previous attempt to burn it (Munster Express, Sat. 18 April 1923, p. 6).
Not all arsons were stopped. James Walsh, of Templeorum (near Carrick) had his home and business premises burned the same week. The damage was estimated at several thousands of pounds. Prior to losing his home and business premises his vans and shops were regularly raided (Munster Express, Sat. 14 April 1923, p. 3).
Blocking of Roads
On the 16th of April a large tree was felled across the road between Kilkenny and Johnswell. A notice was affixed to the tree warning against removing the tree as the area was mined. The tree was removed that evening by prisoners under military escort. Trees were also felled across the road at Bennetsbridge (Kilkenny People, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 6).
Glenmore Bridges Repair Costs
The Secretary Kilkenny Co. Council forwarded a list of claims for repairs to bridges in No. 2 district from Mr. George Nolan, builder. By resolution of the Council the claims were referred to the No. 2 District Council for their views. The particulars included: Glenmore (No. 1 bridge, £117.2s.0d); Glenmore (No. 2 bridge, £204.9s.4d); Glenmore (No. 3, £349.5s.3d). In the first two claims half to be paid by Ida R.D.C.
The following order was made. The No. 2 District Council consider that too much money was allowed for repairs to these bridges, which should have been repaired in the ordinary way by tender, and they cannot offer any precise opinion on the matter, not having been consulted with the estimates. In their opinion there was an excess of £100 in each case (Munster Express, Sat. 7 April 1923, p. 3).
Other News Items
The Kilkenny People carried the story of Patrick Aylward (1860-1935) of Rochestown, Mullinavat who was accused of throwing a neighbour’s 18 month old child into the fire causing his death (Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 2). See our blog post of 28 March 2022 for details concerning this case.
James Larkin was deported from New York on the 21st on the S.S. Majestic as a third class passenger. He violently protested against traveling on a British vessel. He landed at Southhampton (Munster Express, Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 6). Ironically James Larkin was born in England to Irish emigrants. He travelled to the US in 1914 was convicted and pardoned by Al Smith, the Governor of New York.
Farming & Fishing
This was printed as an “old farmer’s rhyme” in 1923.
A cold April, with no leaves,
Will fill the barn full of sheaves;
If it rains on Good Friday or Easter Day,
It’s a good year for grass but a bad one for hay. (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 20 April 1923, p. 5)
It was also reported that price of eggs dropped in April 1923. Previously a dozen eggs were selling at 10d. to 1s. (12d were in a shilling). In April a dozen eggs fell to 9d. This was the lowest price eggs sold for since 1916 (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 5).
The fishing reports were often contradictory in the same newspaper edition.
The salmon fishing “practically since the season opened is bad in general, even down to Duncannon” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 5). In the Boris District column on the same page it was reported that although catches of salmon during the past two weeks were not as good as they were for the two preceding weeks, some of the anglers landed large pike, which were abundant in the Barrow.
The Barrow also provided an interesting catch near the Pink Rock. An unnamed fisherman while fishing with a cot near the Pink Rock observed an object floating with the tide. He thought it was a badger, and when he got closer he discovered that it was a “half barrel of liquid. He took it ashore, he tested the contents and found it was beer, and on sampling it declared it to be the best he ever drank” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 13 April 1923, p. 5)
Glenmore in the News
Confirmation 1923
His Lordship the Most Dev. Dr. Downey, Coadjutor Bishop of the Diocese of Ossory, administered the Sacrament of Confirmation to a large number of children in the Glenmore, Rosbercon, Inistioge and other South Kilkenny parishes. His Lordship was very pleased with the answering of the children and their comprehensive knowledge of the Christian doctrine (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 April 1923, p. 5).
Robinnstown, Glenmore Auction
Robinstown (Glenmore) Co. Kilkenny–Auction of Small Holding (Lately occupied by Miss Anastasia Hanway, Deceased). On Thursday 12th April 1923, on the premises by directions of the Misses Dalton, a comfortable two-storey dwelling house, containing kitchen, parlour, and two bedrooms with garden attached, of about one rood statute measure. All held in fee simple, free of rent forever. Immediate possession. Sale at 12 o’clock sharp.
Further particulars from, P.A. Murphy and Co, Solicitors, O’Connell St., Waterford; or John Murphy and Son, Auctioneers and Valuers, 11 O’Connell St., and Thomas Hill, Waterford (Munster Express, Sat. 7 April 1923, p. 2). We will provide the information we located on Anastasia Hanway (1855-1923) in a future post.
Glenmore Senior Football
Several members of the Glenmore Senior Football team were selected to play on the Kilkenny County team in the Leinster Football Championship..
“Buoyed up by their very creditable record in last season’s championship, Kilkenny Senior footballers are making great preparations for their opening match this season with Kildare, and are confident of passing on to the next stage. Of the championship. Some changes have been made in the positions, and some new blood has been infused.”
The team for Sunday’s contest will be —P. Dalton (goal) (Knocktopher); J. McKenna, W. Landy, L. Murphy (Cotterstown); P. Hughes, M. Brenna (Cloneen); Mr. Cody (capt.), P. Cody, J. Fitzgerald, M. Connolly, A. Heffernan, J. Phelan, M. Flannelly (sic), W. Irish, J. Doherty, J. Hanrahan, W. Hartley, P. Hartley (Glenmore) Their experience in last season’s competition should enable Kilkenny to give a good account of itself …. (Freeman’s Journal, Mon. 9 April 1923, p. 3).
Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.hstory@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh