1920’s
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One Hundred Years Ago: June 1923
With the end of the Civil War the local newspapers filled their pages with local politics and berated the Free State Government for both its actions and inactions in attempting to deal with the continued lawlessness, strikes, unemployment, business closures, lack of housing, the damage to roads and bridges and the Civil War prisoners. The courts were attempting to deal with tenants who failed to pay rent during the unrest and the unlawful seizure of property and dwellinghouses.
PEACE AT LAST
The New Ross Standard’s editorial published on 1 June 1923 (p. 4) proclaimed “PEACE AT LAST.”
“It is evident from the documents published this week that the painful and destructive campaign that so depressed and disheartened the people of Ireland for a very long period, and would, if it had been continued much longer, have reduced the country to ruin and bankruptcy, has now been ended.”
“Would that the leaders had acted differently many months ago and ceased to mislead their too credulous followers into the belief that the course they were pursing was in the interests of their country, and would eventuate in Ireland being made a Republic. There is now a disposition on the part of very many people to forgive and forget the pact, believing that the followers were misguided…”
“It is the manifest duty of everyone to work for unity so that we may successfully build up our nation and realise that hopes of our people when a measure of freedom came to Ireland.”
ORDER TO DUMP WEAPONS
In the same edition, on the next page, the paper published the order given by de Valera to lay down weapons. This order was found on the 25th of May in the possession of a Republican leader.
“Order of the Day; To all Ranks; From the President: Soldier of Liberty—Legion of the Rear-guard, The Republic can no longer be defended successfully by your arms. Further sacrifices on your part would now be vain and continuance of the struggle in arms unwise in the national interest. Military victory must be allowed to rest for the moment with those who have destroyed the Republic. Other means must be sought to safeguard the nation’s rights.”
“Do not let sorrow overwhelm you. Your efforts and the sacrifices of your dead comrades in this forlorn hope will surely bear fruit. You have saved the nation’s honour and kept open the road to independence. Laying aside your arms now is an act of patriotism as exalted and purse as your valour in taking them up.”
“Seven years of intense efforts have exhausted our people. Their sacrifices and their sorrows have been many. If they have turned away and have not given you the active support which alone could bring you victory in this last year, it is because they are weary and need a rest. Give them a little time to recover and rally again to the standard. They will then quickly discover who have been selfless and who selfish—who have spoke truth and who falsehood…”
“The sufferings which you must now face unarmed you will bear in a manner worthy of men who were ready to give their lives for their cause…Eamon de Valera.” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
The newspaper also published an order from Frank Aiken, Chief of Staff… “The arms with which we have fought the enemies of our country are to be dumped. The foreign and domestic enemies of the Republic have for the moment prevailed. But our enemies have not won…Frank Aiken, Chief of Staff.”
Permits, Arrests & Executions
Permits for pedal bikes were still required in New Ross and districts on the first of June (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5). However, the very next week it was reported that the permits were no longer required (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 5).
Troops searched some houses in Campile the last Friday in May. Miss Colfer and Miss Lawlor, were arrested at Campile two weeks earlier and Miss Cleary of Whitechurch, along with other arrested women were removed to Kilmainham, Dublin (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Two men were executed in Tuam military barracks on the morning of the 29th of May. They were arrested the previous week two hours after the Munster & Leinster Bank of Athenry was robbed. They had £700 and two loaded Webley revolvers in their possession. They were tried by court martial and admitted the robbery but claimed that the robbery had no political significance. They claimed they were forced agents in connection with land trouble (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Repairs & Destruction
G.S. and W.R. railway bridges at Ballywilliam and Taylorstown were repaired. The Barrow was dragged and the missing shaft of the big railway bridge between Campile and Waterford was returned to its “usual position” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
After being out of action for six months the telephone service between New Ross and Wexford was restored (New Ross Standard, Fri.15 June 1923, p. 5).
The Boyne Obelisk, erected in 1736 on the site of the “memorable battle,” was blown up on the last day of May. The monument bore an inscription to the effect that it had been erected by the Protestants of Great Britain and Ireland and was “sacred to the glorious memory of King William III, who, on 1st July 1690, cross the Boyne at this place to attack James II at the head of a Popish army (Waterford News & Star, 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Free State Army & Prisoners
General Mulchy testified before the Dail that at the beginning of 1923 there were approximately 50,000 men in the Free State Army. He said that in June there were 49,000 and the end of the year he expected there to be 28 to 30 thousand men serving. There were 12,000 men and women under arrest and the General replied that if the situation in the country rapidly changed the Government’s attitude would quickly change with regard to dealing with suspects, prisoners and convicts of certain crimes (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 5).
Proposed Legislation for Revolt
Under the Public Safety (Emergency Powers) Bill, a person could be sentenced to death or to penal servitude for a term not less that 8 years for armed revolt or for threatening any person or damaging any property in furtherance of such revolt. A person could only be detained for a week at which point he was charged or released. “With regard to whippings, in addition to other penalties for robbery under arms, youths under 16 shall not receive more than 25 strokes of a birch-rod, while in the case of any other male person the number of strokes shall not exceed 50. The court to specify the number of strokes and the instrument to be used. Every person who is now detained in custody…or held in interment by the military may be detained in custody under the Act” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 6).
Slump in Athletic Sports
With the end of the Civil War many postponed events were arranged, but the New Ross Standard reported that there was a “slump in athletic sports.“ “Not for a quarter of a century was there such a slump in athletic sports as there is this summer. For years on of the difficulties that confronted promoters of sports was to get a date on which too many other fixtures would not clash, but this year dates are going abegging” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 22 June 1923, p. 5).
FARMING
A large supply of wool went to the New Ross Market. Hogget wool washed brought 9.5d per pound while unwashed received 7.5d per pound. “Prices of high class and finer wool up to 1s.2d. per pound (New Ross Standard, Fri. 15 June 1923. p. 8).
It was reported that the potato plants and fruit trees suffered from the “recent frosts” with the plants and blossoms being considerably burned (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 4 & 5).
Cabbage plants of good quality realised from 7s to 10s per thousand at New Ross on fair day (New Ross Standard, Fri. 15 June 1923, p. 5).
“Notwithstanding the numerous predictions as to the likelihood of a failure of the hay crop owing to the dry, harsh weather,” there were many fairly good first crop meadows cut in the district during the last week of June. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 7).
INTERNATIONAL NEWS
Heat Wave in America—a great heat wave swept over America, and a larg2 number of victims reported. Upwards of fifty persons died from the heat. New York on Wednesday experienced its hottest day for 30 years. There were seven deaths. Transportation was impacted as the heat buckled the train rails. Temperatures of 100 Fahrenheit were reported and 17 people died in Chicago. The authorities in New York threw open the parks for sleeping purposes, and the Fire Department was ordered to arrange for constant showers of water in the streets. Thousands of persons, mainly women and children slept on the park benches. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 3).
Campbell, the English motorist, made a world’s record on a Sunbeam car at the France motor car races, covering the mile in 26.14 seconds, or at the rate of 137 miles per hour (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 June 1923, p. 5).
GLENMORE IN THE NEWS
MISHAP TO MOTOR PARTY
“When a motor car was coming round a curve on the road at the Pink Rock, between Glenmore and New Ross, on Friday morning, one of the hind wheels broke, and the car turned, throwing the occupants on to the road. One of them, Mr. O’Brien, Manor-street, Waterford, received a rather severe injury, and was taken to the Royal Hotel, New Ross, where he was medically treated, and subsequently taken to one of the local hospitals, where he was for some days” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 5).
John Dunphy of Ballyverneen, Glenmore
Amongst those appointed Commissioners of the Peace for the Co. Kilkenny in June 1923 was Mr. John Dunphy, M.C.C., chairman of Ida District Council, Ballyverneen, Glenmore (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 June 1923, p. 5).
Rev. John Phelan of Glenmore
In June 1923, at St. Mary’s Cathedral, Kilkenny, two South Kilkenny students were ordained by Most Rev. Dr. Downey. These included: Rev. P. Darmod, Crobally, Mullinavat to San Francisco and Rev. John Phelan, Glenmore to Sydney (Munster Express, Sat. 16 June 1923, p. 5).
Glenmore Football
Owing to All Ireland football final on June 17th the date of the Kilkenny Feis, a communication was received stating that Dublin would be unable to field a hurling team to play Kilkenny at the Feis. It was decided that Kildare senior football team be invited to play Kilkenny. The invitation was accepted by Kildare, who field their best inter-county team for the match. The selection of the Kilkenny team was left to Glenmore senior football team—Kilkenny county champions (Munster Express, Sat. 2 June 1923, p. 5).
This math was eagerly anticipated. “The sternly fought contest between these two teams in Leix [in May] in which Kilkenny by a narrow margin were the winners is proof that the silver cup put up by the Feis Committee for the match will not be softly won” (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 8 June 1923, p. 8).
“A great game was witnessed at Kilkenny on Sunday the 17th when Glenmore and Kildare met for the splendid cup presented by the Feis Committee. Kildare won the toss, and decided to play towards the city goal, having the advantage of the wind and sun. Kilkenny were first away from the throw in and sent wide. Several other overs resulted, and Kildare, breaking through, scored a point. Kilkenny equalised almost immediately, and missed a goal shortly afterwards. There was no further scoring until half-time, when the score stood one point each.”
“Kildare attacked for the first ten minutes of the second half, and succeeded in raising the green flag. Kilkenny now brought the play into the Kildare territory, and after a great scrimmage around the goal, the ball was boxed into the net for the equaliser. Both teams were now trying for all they were worth for the lead, and after both ends being visited, Kilkenny scored the winning point and at the final whistle the score stood: Kilkenny 1-2; Kildare, 1-1” (Munster Express, Sat. 23 June 1923, p. 6).
Edward Grace, of Glenmore v. James Holden & Others
This case was heard in Dublin in June 1923. Edward Grace, farmer, of Glenmore sought an injunction against James Holden, and his nephew, Patrick MacDonald, Daniel Doolan and James Whelan, all of Shanbogh in respect of lands at Shanbogh lower, Damages were claimed for the trespass and taking away and destruction of certain property. Plaintiff held over 75 acres under an agreement dated 17 April 1922 with Caroline H. C. Burthaell as landlord. Edward Grace paid a yearly rent of £61. . It was noted that for the last couple of years, a number of people were seizing lad which did not belong to them and held it against the true owners.
The 75 acres was on the Boyd estate, which contained about 400 acres, and it was untenanted for the previous 40 years. It had been evicted about the year 1880, and since that time had been let for grazing until 1920. Local opposition grew to the continued grazing. Mr. Colfer the solicitor for the owners and Father O’Shea tried hard to bring about an agreement with the evictees from 1880. Mr Grace paid £1,200 for an allotment of 75 acres which was to pay off the evited tenants. Holden was allocated £500 of the purchase price which he accepted, but had failed to collect from Father O’Shea.
Holden and MacDonald, broke and entered the lands and took possession of the dwellinghouse, and by threats and violence compelled the plaintiff to leave. With others they ploughed the lands, sowed them with corn, cut and saved plaintiff’s hay and converted it to their own use. The Republicans held a Court about 9 April and ordered Holden not to interfere with the lands. Holden and MacDonald disobeyed the order and were arrested by the Irregulars.
All defendants were found liable for the damages suffered by the plaintiff. Similar actions also listed included Philip Malone v. James Holden & Others; Patrick Forrestal v. James Holden & Others; Margaret Forrestal v. James Holden & Others, and John Aylward v. Daniel Holden & Others (Munster Express, Sat. 30 June 1923, p. 5).
For further information concerning the Boyd Estate see,”Glenmore & the United Irish League’s Rosberon Rally” post published 15 Jan. 2023.
For further information concerning the Boyd murder see our post of 7 Nov. 2021.
Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
One Hundred Years Ago: May 1923
Although the Civil War ended on 24 May 1923 after the IRA Chief of staff issued a ceasefire order. However, after the arrest of several leaders and the apparent futility of the struggle the IRA suspended military actions. Local newspapers surprisingly carried very little on the subject. An editorial in the New Ross Standard summed up as follows:
“The country is very relieved that there is practically a cessation of the foolish but criminal conduct that has been devastating the land for some time. We are thankful that our newspapers are not now reeking of murder and destruction of property, as they were for the past year, that number of young fellows are not hurled into eternity day after day without warning, and without being given even a few minutes to prepare for death. In a few isolated instances there are still some hostilities…” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11, May 1923, p. 4).
On the other hand, newspapers began to mark the changes that reinforced Ireland as a Free State.
The Cunard line, Carmania, called at Cobh on the morning of the 6th of May “to embark passengers for New York. The Carmania was the first British liner to pay the courtesy of flying the Irish tricolour from its foremast. This courtesy was done by ships entering foreign ports.
Later that evening the White Star line, Baltic, landed 326 sacks of American mail at Cohb. For the first time a Free State immigration officer. R.E. Larkin, officiated under the Aliens Act. British officials performed this duty heretofore” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 4).
Arrests Continued
Although the Civil War ended arrests of local men continued. On the 22nd of May, Thomas Hartley, Weatherstown, Glenmore, and James Hoyne, Coolroebeg, Thomastown, were arrested by the military. An irregular, Martin Hartley, Ballalog, Tulloghor, was arrested the same week by National Troops at Glenmore. Two Irregulars named Patrick Walsh and Richard Brennan, both of whom escaped from Kilkenny Military Barracks, earlier in the year were captured at Mooncoin on the 22nd (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 26 May 1923, p. 12).
Impact
The newspapers in May began to transition from reporting on the horrors of the Civil War to reporting on its impact on the economy of the fledgling Free State.
“Unemployment was at an abnormal level…At the end of March there were 33,000—twice the normal number… At the start of May 1923 the Dail began debating an emergency £250,000 to extend the benefits period. The Unemployment Fund of £550,000 and exhausted (New Ross Standard, Fri. 4 May 1923, p. 4).
Damaged Rail Lines
In several areas the rail infrastructure remained severely damaged and this had a knock on effect. At the beginning of May 1923, after the 30 April ceasefire was declared by the IRA, the military reported to the Dail that “they are now ready to protect all the railway lines, and the companies have been so notified and urged to re-open closed lines.”
Deputy R. Corish argued in the Dail that the Great Southern & Western Railway had neglected their interests and those of the people they served. In July 1922 the line between Wexford town and Waterford was damaged and remained unrepaired.
Their boats were withdrawn that plied between Fishguard and Rosslare. The effect of their decisions reduced the Wexford Meat Supply Co. to half staff because there was no outlet for their “dead meat.” This in turn impacted on local farmers and the wages they could pay. “Ireland is suffering, and suffering badly, as a result of their laxiety” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 4 May 1923, p. 4).
Obviously missing from Deputy Corish’s speech was the fact that the Irregulars destroyed rail lines as fast as they were repaired, and National Troops had been unable to stop the attacks on the lines or rolling stock. Also repairs were not always easy to perform. For example, at the end of May it was reported that divers were attempting to locate the apparatus which opened the draw arch in the Barrow bridge on the G.S. and W.R. between Campile and Waterford.
The apparatus was thrown apparently into the river. Consequently, the arch could not be closed. It was hoped that if the apparatus could be located the arch could be closed, and thus allow trains to run as far as Ballycullane (Munster Express, Sat. 26 May 1923, p. 4).
Industrial Strife
Jim Larkin returned to Ireland at the end of April 1923 after an absence of 8 years. Larken said he found the rich richer and the poor poorer than when he left. “He might have added, and industry much less evident. It has been all but killed by profiteering and doles to workers “(New Ross Standard, Fri. 4 May 1923, p. 4).
Waterford Agricultural Labourers Dispute
A dispute erupted between agricultural labourers and farmers in East Waterford in mid-May. Several incidents were reported in the Munster Express including the stealing of engine bearings at the Kilmeaden creamery which brought work to a halt and the burning of hay. Farmers moved to protect the creameries until a military party relieved them.
Farmers attempting to move goods had them seized by large groups. Mrs. Rickards, of Rossduff, was on her way home with provisions when her provisions were seized. She returned to Waterford and the military recovered her provisions in Ballygunner. Rickards was a sister of J.J. Walsh, Postmaster General and her husband was interned in 1920-1921.
The dispute soon escalated impacting on other industries. J & S Phelan, Waterford, closed “owing to” its employees refusing to handle goods purchased by farmers. “The latter preceded to another Waterford house where their requirements were supplied.”
Gaultier Creamery sent 14 tons of butter to the Great Western depot at Waterford for shipment. Agricultural labourers were picketing the depot and the dockers refused to handle the butter. The two carriers from the Creamery loaded the butter on the steamer. The picket attempted to stop them loading onto the ship, but the military intervened with bayonets.
When the butter was loaded the sailors and firemen left the ship. Passengers were on board as well as a large quantity of livestock. The Captain suggested that the butter be taken back to the creamery which was done to the cheers of the agricultural labourers, the dockers, the sailors and firemen (Munster Express, Sat. 26 May 1923, p. 5).
Postal Dispute
Postal difficulties showed no sign of improving in Dublin. The Postmaster-General stated that Sunday collections and delivery would not be restored and bank holidays were to be observed as Sundays. To the dismay of Dublin businesses, the last delivery of letters was three o’clock.
Midnight and 5 a.m. collections were also abandoned. Businesses also reported long delays in letter delivery and a huge increase in lost letters. It was estimated that the post office “means a loss of over a million pounds a year to the Free State taxpayer” who pays more for letters and telephones than citizens in the Six Counties and Britain (New Ross Standard, Fri. 18 May 1923, p. 5).
Housing & Cost of Food Inflation
Ironically the Government one hundred years ago was wrestling with two issues that face the Government today, housing and inflation.
In May 1923 discussions took place in the Dail regarding the provision of more houses in Ireland. The price of new materials in Ireland was much higher than in England, and tradesmen’s wages were higher in Ireland than England. It was argued that the tradesmen were idle for so long that when work came their way wages were higher to allow the tradesmen to live. It was argued that continuous employment would reduce high wages (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 4)
It was estimated that at least 40,000 to 45,000 houses were required. Under the Labourers Act 47,965 and of these 41,851 were built in rural areas. Much was required for urban housing. The Minister for Local Government put aside £700,000 for housing in the estimates for the year. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 5).
The high cost of food was regularly aired in the local newspapers. For example, it was noted in mid-May “there is a great glut of potatoes this season, but the prices charged to consumers are very high and unfair” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 11 May 1923, p. 4).
Glenmore People in the News
Publican Peter Gahan
Glenmore native Peter Gahan (1888-1958) appeared in the New Ross District Court on Thursday the 17th of May 1923. Gahan was charged with two cases of breaching the Licensing Act. See our post of 19 March 2023 for further details concerning Gahan who operated a pub and funeral business in New Ross.
Case 1
The first case charged Gahan with on the 17th of April 1923 having on his premises James Martin, of William St., and Thomas Furlong, of High Street. Thomas A. Colfer, solicitor, appeared for the defendant and said, “on a former occasion he occupied a similar position and the court was kind enough to express appreciation of his action in not taking up time with a fictitious defence. In the same way he now entered a plea of guilty, and in fairness to the defendant he wished to clear up one or two matters…
Sergeant Haugh of the New Ross Civic Guards testified that at 11:22 on the 17th of April he found two men drinking on the premises and several soldiers. The defendant alleged that one man had come for a coffin and the other, Martin, was Gahan’s employee. Four national soldiers were billeted on the premises and 11 belonged to a column.
“His Worship” referred to the warning he gave New Ross publicans and expressed surprise that Mr. Gahan was again before him. “Mr. Colfer put the circumstances of the case very fully and very sensibly before him. He was glad to say that the public houses were now put out of bounds as regards the military. A public house seemed to be a snug billet for some of them, and he thoroughly appreciated Mr. Gahan’s difficulty. There was a technical offence…” He fined Gahan £1 and costs and defendant Furlong 5s. and costs. He dismissed the case against Martin.
Case 2
At 6 p.m. on Sunday the 6th of May 1923, Guard Kelly found five men in Gahan’s premises. One was a soldier from Waterford, another a traveller, and the other a wireless operator who left on Tuesday. Two of the men, James Gordon of South St. and Patrick Hunt of William St. were not travellers and should not have been served on a Sunday. Mr. Colfer again pleaded guilty for Gahan and said that Gahan invited the men in for a drink as they were personal friends of his and no money was paid.
“His Worship” told Gahan that if he “persisted in this kind of work he would lose his license eventually.” He fined Gahan €5 and costs. “He was thinking of endorsing his license, but he would give him another chance. If anything occurred between now and next September nothing would save him from losing his license.” Gordan and Hunt were fined 40s. and costs. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 18 May 1923, p. 8).
For further details regarding Sunday licensing requirements see our post of 21 May 2023.
Glenmore GAA Players Selected
An emergency meeting of the Kilkenny County GAA Committee was held on Sunday the 6th of May 1923. “The principal business of the meeting was the consideration of invitations to the senior hurling team, who were the Leinster champions, to play matches. “Since the defeat of Dublin in the Leinster final the county board has been deluged with invitations from various places in Leinster and Munster to allow the champions to play exhibition games against other prominent teams. It was impossible to accept all invitations, but it was agreed to field the championship team in some prominent matches.
The selection committee was held and two Glenmore players were selected for the Kilkenny Junior Football team, E. Freyne and M. Cody (believed to be Edward “Ned” Freyne and Michael Cody) (Munster Express, Sat. 12 May 1923, p. 5).
Apologies for the delay in posting this but our home internet and phone went out. Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
One Hundred Years Ago: April 1923
The Tenth Month of the Civil War
Although the Civil War continued, the ferocity of previous months was not reported in local newspapers. With hindsight today it appears that the Civil War was winding down. An editorial in the New Ross Standard noted that people were crossing the channel for a quiet holiday, thus suggesting that 100 years ago people sensed or knew that the war was ending.
“The Eastertide has so far passed with comparative quiet in the capital. The glorious spell of summer-like weather…attracted thousands to the seaside, and a notable feature of this year, due to the condition in the country, was the remarkable number of people who crossed the channel for a quiet holiday…The only sad feature of the season in Dublin is the recurrence of a particularly painful …tragedy.” Not less than three young men were found dead this week in Dublin (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 4).
Arrests & Prisoners
At the beginning of April “New Ross troops made close on twenty arrests…”(New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 5). Troops operating from Wexford arrested two Irregulars, named Parcell (sic) and Hartley, of Glenmore (Freeman’s Journal, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 7).
J. Egan, a Republican leader, of Mullinahone (Tipperary) was “killed in a duel” with Lt. McGrath, of the National Garrison of Fethard. The fight was a sequel to the capture of Egan’s column. Egan attempted to escape, but was pursued by Lt. McGrath for a mile across country and mortally wounded. The officer was wounded slightly (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 April 1923, p. 2).
Seventy-one prisoners escaped from the Curragh Camp by means of a tunnel on the morning of the 24th of April. A number were immediately re-captured (Munster Express, Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 6).
Attacks
On the 5th of April Irregulars were firing from Carrickbeg hills into Carrick-on-Suir. This was the heaviest attack the town experienced for months. The firing lasted for about two hours. Bullets went through windows in houses opposite the new bridge and whizzed through the streets and the Park. No one in the town was injured.
However, it was reported also on the same page that Mr. Clarke, Lord Waterford’s chauffeur, was shot in the head about 7 o’clock the evening of the 5th. Lord Waterford and his sisters, Ladies Blanche and Katharine Beresford, were traveling from the Kilkenny Hunt Races to Curraghmore by the short cut through Jonestown near Carrick. “The firing was going on when his lordship arrived in Carrick. He crossed the bridge and motored up part of the Mothel road towards the main road that would take him to the back entrance gates of Curraghmore.”
“There was a regular hail of bullets from the Carrickbeg hills at the time. Some of them struck the car, and the chauffeur received a bullet in his head. He was taken into a house on the Mothel Road and attended by the Ladies, Lord Waterford, some neighbours and Dr. Stephenson.”
At first it was thought that Clarke had been killed. “The latest news is that his condition is much improved.” The wound was described as deep and tore the man’s scalp badly. Lord Waterford and the Ladies attended the Waterford Hunt Point-to-point race the following day, and “appeared to be none the worse for their exciting experience.” The irregulars on the hills mistook Lord Waterford’s motor car for a military car. When they ascertained that it was not a military car the firing ceased. Lord Waterford left for England on Saturday evening (Munster Express, Sat. 14 April 1923, p. 3).
The following week the Kilkenny People reported that military operations “on a big scale” are going on in Co. Waterford, from the Comeraghs near Carrick-on-Suir to West Waterford. “Some interesting developments are expected from the operations” (Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 11). The same day, it was reported that “after a lull of several weeks there was an outbreak of firing in Waterford… The outburst, which started after 10 o’clock, lasted about twenty minutes (Munster Express, Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 6).
Piracy
On the 14th a “motor barge plying between Waterford and Graiguenamanagh was boarded by a number of armed men, who carried off a large quantity of whiskey and some bacon.” The raid occurred at about 12:30 p.m. in the vicinity of Ballinlaw. Shots were discharged across the bow of the barge and the barge was ordered to “pull up.” Simultaneously two small boats containing the armed men boarded the boat and selected from its cargo six dozen bottles of whiskey, one complete bale of bacon, and three further sides of bacon. “On the same day a similar raid was effected (sic) on a private barge trading between Graiguenamanagh and New Ross. Two bags of sugar and other foodstuff were stolen” (Munster Express, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 5).
By the end of the month it was also reported that there was “considerable military in Thomastown and surrounding districts” with large parties of troops operating from Inistioge (sic) to Stoneyford. The River Nore between both places was being carefully guarded (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 April 1923, p. 8).
Arson
The burning of “big houses” continued and there was an attempt to burn down the Kilkenny Carnegie Library. The arson was foiled when the petrol and other flammable substances, matches and cloth were found. It appears that the would-be arsonist was waiting for the library to close. A couple of night previously books were stolen from the building by gaining entry though a window (Kilkenny People, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 6).
Another foiled arson involved an attack on the home of Mrs. Powell, sister of the late General Michael Collins. The firing lasted a half hour. The assailants were, after an intense attack, repelled by National Troops who were guarding the house since a previous attempt to burn it (Munster Express, Sat. 18 April 1923, p. 6).
Not all arsons were stopped. James Walsh, of Templeorum (near Carrick) had his home and business premises burned the same week. The damage was estimated at several thousands of pounds. Prior to losing his home and business premises his vans and shops were regularly raided (Munster Express, Sat. 14 April 1923, p. 3).
Blocking of Roads
On the 16th of April a large tree was felled across the road between Kilkenny and Johnswell. A notice was affixed to the tree warning against removing the tree as the area was mined. The tree was removed that evening by prisoners under military escort. Trees were also felled across the road at Bennetsbridge (Kilkenny People, Sat. 21 April 1923, p. 6).
Glenmore Bridges Repair Costs
The Secretary Kilkenny Co. Council forwarded a list of claims for repairs to bridges in No. 2 district from Mr. George Nolan, builder. By resolution of the Council the claims were referred to the No. 2 District Council for their views. The particulars included: Glenmore (No. 1 bridge, £117.2s.0d); Glenmore (No. 2 bridge, £204.9s.4d); Glenmore (No. 3, £349.5s.3d). In the first two claims half to be paid by Ida R.D.C.
The following order was made. The No. 2 District Council consider that too much money was allowed for repairs to these bridges, which should have been repaired in the ordinary way by tender, and they cannot offer any precise opinion on the matter, not having been consulted with the estimates. In their opinion there was an excess of £100 in each case (Munster Express, Sat. 7 April 1923, p. 3).
Other News Items
The Kilkenny People carried the story of Patrick Aylward (1860-1935) of Rochestown, Mullinavat who was accused of throwing a neighbour’s 18 month old child into the fire causing his death (Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 2). See our blog post of 28 March 2022 for details concerning this case.
James Larkin was deported from New York on the 21st on the S.S. Majestic as a third class passenger. He violently protested against traveling on a British vessel. He landed at Southhampton (Munster Express, Sat. 28 April 1923, p. 6). Ironically James Larkin was born in England to Irish emigrants. He travelled to the US in 1914 was convicted and pardoned by Al Smith, the Governor of New York.
Farming & Fishing
This was printed as an “old farmer’s rhyme” in 1923.
A cold April, with no leaves,
Will fill the barn full of sheaves;
If it rains on Good Friday or Easter Day,
It’s a good year for grass but a bad one for hay. (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 20 April 1923, p. 5)
It was also reported that price of eggs dropped in April 1923. Previously a dozen eggs were selling at 10d. to 1s. (12d were in a shilling). In April a dozen eggs fell to 9d. This was the lowest price eggs sold for since 1916 (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 5).
The fishing reports were often contradictory in the same newspaper edition.
The salmon fishing “practically since the season opened is bad in general, even down to Duncannon” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 6 April 1923, p. 5). In the Boris District column on the same page it was reported that although catches of salmon during the past two weeks were not as good as they were for the two preceding weeks, some of the anglers landed large pike, which were abundant in the Barrow.
The Barrow also provided an interesting catch near the Pink Rock. An unnamed fisherman while fishing with a cot near the Pink Rock observed an object floating with the tide. He thought it was a badger, and when he got closer he discovered that it was a “half barrel of liquid. He took it ashore, he tested the contents and found it was beer, and on sampling it declared it to be the best he ever drank” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 13 April 1923, p. 5)
Glenmore in the News
Confirmation 1923
His Lordship the Most Dev. Dr. Downey, Coadjutor Bishop of the Diocese of Ossory, administered the Sacrament of Confirmation to a large number of children in the Glenmore, Rosbercon, Inistioge and other South Kilkenny parishes. His Lordship was very pleased with the answering of the children and their comprehensive knowledge of the Christian doctrine (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 April 1923, p. 5).
Robinnstown, Glenmore Auction
Robinstown (Glenmore) Co. Kilkenny–Auction of Small Holding (Lately occupied by Miss Anastasia Hanway, Deceased). On Thursday 12th April 1923, on the premises by directions of the Misses Dalton, a comfortable two-storey dwelling house, containing kitchen, parlour, and two bedrooms with garden attached, of about one rood statute measure. All held in fee simple, free of rent forever. Immediate possession. Sale at 12 o’clock sharp.
Further particulars from, P.A. Murphy and Co, Solicitors, O’Connell St., Waterford; or John Murphy and Son, Auctioneers and Valuers, 11 O’Connell St., and Thomas Hill, Waterford (Munster Express, Sat. 7 April 1923, p. 2). We will provide the information we located on Anastasia Hanway (1855-1923) in a future post.
Glenmore Senior Football
Several members of the Glenmore Senior Football team were selected to play on the Kilkenny County team in the Leinster Football Championship..
“Buoyed up by their very creditable record in last season’s championship, Kilkenny Senior footballers are making great preparations for their opening match this season with Kildare, and are confident of passing on to the next stage. Of the championship. Some changes have been made in the positions, and some new blood has been infused.”
The team for Sunday’s contest will be —P. Dalton (goal) (Knocktopher); J. McKenna, W. Landy, L. Murphy (Cotterstown); P. Hughes, M. Brenna (Cloneen); Mr. Cody (capt.), P. Cody, J. Fitzgerald, M. Connolly, A. Heffernan, J. Phelan, M. Flannelly (sic), W. Irish, J. Doherty, J. Hanrahan, W. Hartley, P. Hartley (Glenmore) Their experience in last season’s competition should enable Kilkenny to give a good account of itself …. (Freeman’s Journal, Mon. 9 April 1923, p. 3).
Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.hstory@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Glenmore Native: Peter Gahan (1888-1958) New Ross Publican and Undertaker [updated]
Danny Dowling (1927-2021) spent a lot of time recording information concerning what he termed extinct Glenmore families. These were families who left the parish through emigration, or who did not have children etc. One family that Danny recorded was the Gahan family of Newtown, Kilmakevoge. In 1973, Danny interviewed Nicky “the Miller” Forristal (1888-1979) who provided an account of five of the six sons of Laurence “Larry” Gahan and his wife Bridget Doherty.
In his notebook Danny had a notation “murder?” that caused a bit of searching. Ultimately after reviewing the deaths of Peter Gahan (1888-1958), his siblings, and his wife Mary Teresa “Tess” Sheehy (c.1887-1963), it was discovered that Peter Gahan’s brother-in-law, Sir John Sheehy, was murdered in 1949. Details concerning the murder are at the end as well as some of Peter Gahan’s Glenmore grandparents.
The Gahan’s of Newtown, Glenmore
Laurence “Larry” Gahan (1848-1907) of Newtown, married Bridget Doherty (c. 1848 -1924) of Coolnaleen, on 28 January 1875 at Glenmore. The groom was a 26 year old farmer and the bride was aged 28. The groom’s father was recorded as Michael Gahan (deceased farmer) and the bride’s father was recorded as Richard Doherty (farmer). Witnesses to the wedding were Felix Mullins and Bridget Mullins.
Laurence and Bridget Gahan had six sons:
[1] Michael Gahan (12 June 1876-8 Jan. 1931) was described as “delicate” by Nicky the Miller. Michael Gahan never married. When Michael died in 1931 his brother Peter, of Priory St. New Ross was present. Michael’s death was due to myocardial degeneration.
[2] Richard Gahan (16 Sept. 1877-12 July 1895) was just 16 when he died of consumption or “TB”. This is the son that Nicky the Miller failed to tell Danny about in his 1973 interview.
[3] John Gahan (b. 6 Dec. 1879-2 Oct. 1962); known as Jack, married Mary Haberlin (b.c. 1884) of Aylwardstown, Glenmore on 21 August 1911. John and Mary Gahan, had a farm at Kilurney, Ballpatrick, Tipperary. See our post of 13 Feb. 2023 regarding a threshing accident in 1899.
[4] Patrick Gahan (16 Jan. 1882- 4 May 1929) married Mary Grant of Robinstown, Glenmore. They farmed the home place in Newtown, Glenmore. They had no family and Pat died young of cancer. The farm was later farmed by Pat Grant, of Robinstown, Mary Grant’s nephew. Pat Grant was known as “Cushey”.
[5] James Gahan (12 June 1884-3 June 1904). Jim Gahan drowned at New Ross. According to “Nicky the Miller” Jim worked as a clerk in a shop on North St. New Ross where Flemings were later located. See our G family surname page for further details regarding his death.
[6] Peter Gahan (1 Apr.1888-24 Dec. 1958) was born the same year as Nicky the Miller Forristal. According to Peter’s obit he moved to New Ross about 1908. “In his early youth he played in many inter-county football games with his native Kilkenny. He was also a prominent oarsman, and a valued member of the New Ross Boat Club.”
Early Years in New Ross
In 1911, Peter was residing in New Ross at 11 North Street. James Fleming, aged 26, was a single grocer and Peter’s employer. Mary Grace, married and aged 62 was the domestic servant and cook. Peter was 22 and the eldest of the three assistant grocers. Sylvester Maddock and John Ryan were the other two assistant grocers and were both 18 years of age. Everyone except John Ryan were born in Co. Kilkenny. John Ryan was born in Carlow. Although the household return records that Fleming is a grocer employing assistant grocers the House & Building Return provides that Fleming’s building is a public house.
In the 1901 Census Peter was living at home with his parents and two of his brothers, Michael and John. Sylverster Maddocks was living in Listerin with his parents and 10 siblings. Interestingly James Fleming in 1901 was residing and working as a shop boy at 11 North Street, New Ross. He was working for a couple named Grace.
Earliest Businesses
It isn’t known exactly when Peter Gahan began his own businesses, but we know from Nicky the Miller that he was an undertaker as well as a publican. We also know that it was in 1915 that Peter applied for his first liquor license and had a premise on Priory Street. “Peter Gahan, shopkeeper, of New Ross sought to transfer a liquor license from Bernard Kinsella to sell beer, cider, spirits, wine etc. by retail at his house on Priory St., New Ross” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 17 Sept. 1915, p. 1).
Newspaper articles from that era also suggest that Peter operated a car hire business. For example in 1916, Peter was charged in Waterford for knocking down a labourer named Browne. Peter had been hired to transport a prisoner named Simon Murphy from the Waterford Jail to New Ross Petty Sessions to stand trial for the theft of a gold ring. Browne who worked for the corporation stepped out from the footpath a few yards in front of the vehicle. Quickly reacting Peter swerved and stuck the man with the mud guard of the vehicle. Amazingly the prisoner Murphy, Sergeant O’Sullivan, of New Ross R.I.C. and a Waterford constable on duty in the street at the time all testified for Peter (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 Dec. 1916, p. 12).
In 1917, Peter Gahan was one of the persons charged with supplying a vehicle for a Glenmore wedding and the case was later dismissed (New Ross Standard, Fri. 14 Dec. 1917, p. 7). See our previous post of 27 Sept. 2020 for details of the infamous case against drivers who attended a 1917 Glenmore wedding.
Similarly, in 1932 Peter lent a lorry to John Quinn. Quinn was responsible for conveying a tug-of-war team from Campile to the Rower Sports Day. The driver did not have a valid license and Peter was fined 10 s. for employing an unlicensed driver and £100 for lending a lorry without a tax for passengers. The judge because Peter had lent the vehicle free of charge reduced the tax fine to £2 (New Ross Standard, Fri. 2 Sept. 1932, p. 6).
Wedding Bells: Peter Gahan and Mary Teresa “Tess” Sheehy
Peter Gahan, merchant, of New Ross, Co. Wexford, married Mary Teresa Sheehy on 24 April 1917. The couple were married at Westport, Mayo by her maternal uncle, Rev. Fr. Edward J. Higgins. At the time of the marriage Peter Gahan was 29 years of age and his bride was 28. They both were residing in New Ross, but it is not known how or why Tess came to live in New Ross. Peter’s father was listed as Laurence Gahan (farmer) and his bride’s father was listed as Thomas Sheehy (Clerk of Petty Sessions, pensioner).
Mary Teresa “Tess” Gahan née Sheehy (c. 1887-1963)
Mary Teresa Sheehy was known as Tessie. The 1901 Census reveals that she was living at home with her parents and siblings. There were 14 children born to Sgt. Thomas Sheehy, R.I.C. (1859- 1918) and his wife Mary Sheehy née Higgins (1865 -1912). Sgt. Sheehy was a native of Kerry and the son of a farmer. Mary Sheehy was a native of Co. Mayo. The following children were born to this marriage: [1] Kathleen Sheehy (b.c. 1885, Co. Mayo); [2] Tessie Sheehy (b.c. 1887, Co. Galway); [3] Evelyn Sheehy (b.c. 1888); [4] Elizabeth Sheehy (b.c. 1888); [5] John Sheehy (12 Oct. 1889-1949); [6] Bridget Sheehy (b.c.. 1893); [7] Joseph Sheehy (b.c. 1895); [8] Frances Sheehy (b.c. 1896); [9] Edward Sheehy (b.c. 1898) and [10] Thomas Sheehy (b.c. 1900).
Mary Sheehy née Higgins died on the 27th of September 1912 (Tuam Herald, Sat. 5 Oct. 1912, p. 2). The year after Peter and Tessie’s marriage in 1917 her father died on 20 July 1918. His obit noted that his brother-in-law was Most Rev. M. Higgins, D.D., Auxillary Bishop of Tuam (Tuam Herald, Sat. 27 July 1918, p. 2). Three months later Tess’s sister, Elizabeth Sheehy died of a weak heart (Tuam Herald, Sat. 9 Nov. 1918, p. 2).
On 18 April 1914, Tess’s sister, Kathleen Sheehy married Thomas Kitt the Mountbellow, Co. Galway, Workhouse Master. Kathleen was a national school teacher. Their eldest child, Michael F. Kitt (13 Sept. 1914-24 Dec. 1974) became a T.D. He was first elected in 1948. Lost his seat in 51 and was not elected again until 1957.
The New Ross Whiskey Case
Peter’s business and home were on Priory St. right around the corner from the courthouse and police station. The New Ross Standard carried several articles regarding petty cases against Peter. The most serious case occurred in 1918 and was dubbed the New Ross Whiskey Case by the New Ross Standard. William Roche, of Bewley Street; Andrew Culleton, of Wexford Street and Peter Gahan, of Priory Street, were charged in January 1918 with breaking into the bonded warehouse of Mrs. Alice Daly and Gahanstealing a hogshead and quarter cask of whiskey worth £400. A publican in Campile, Thomas Shea, and another New Ross man, John Hughes, were also charged.
At the first trial of the New Ross men the judge noted that there was no evidence against John Hughes. The case against the other three New Ross men was circumstancial They were seen in the vicinity of the warehouse on the night of the theft. The case against Thomas Shea was that the stolen whiskey was found on his land.
In the midst of this case, Patrick Gahan applied to have the seven day license held by his brother Peter Gahan, Priory St transferred. Patrick stated that he had taken over the premises and was going to carry on business there. The police did not object and the transfer was granted (New Ross Standard, Fri. 8 March 1918, p. 7). It appeared that Peter who had only been married a year was attempting to protect his most valuable asset.
In a separate trial a jury found Thomas Shea not guilty apparently because the whiskey could have been placed on his land without his knowledge. When the three New Ross men were ready to stand trial the second time in July, the Crown announced that it could not proceed due to the serious illness of its witness Patrick Cousins an employee of Peter Gahan’s. The Crown entered a nolle prosequi (New Ross Standard, Fri. 5 July 1918, p. 5.)
Undertaker
In 1922 the New Ross Standard featured ads proclaiming Peter the newest New Ross undertaker. He carried on this trade from the former premises of Paatrick Power on Priory St. No mention of this business appeared in his obituary. Some of his ads are quite humorous by today’s standards such as stating he carries the latest designs in shrouds. It is not known how long Peter was an undertaker, but in 1942 he placed an ad in the New Ross Standard which stated, “Quantity of manure for sale. Apply Peter Gahan, Undertaker, New Ross” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 27 March 1942, p. 1).
Death of Peter and Tess Gahan
Peter Gahan died on Christmas Eve 1958 at the age of 70 of chronic myocarditis. His daughter Mary Teresa “Trixie” Gahan, a state registered nurse, was present when he died.
Mary Teresa “Tess” Gahan née Sheehy tragically died in a fire on 16 December 1963 at Priory Street. She was found by her son-in-law Paddy Molloy. The fire apparently commenced in the widow’s bedroom when night clothes came into contact with an electric heater (New Ross Standard, Fri. 20 Dec. 1963, p. 9).
The Children of Peter Gahan
Unfortunately, the birth records after 1916 in Ireland are not generally publicly available. From Peter’s obituary and the family marker in Glemore we believe that Peter and Tess had five children. Their daughter, [1] Bridget Mary Gahan (c. 1919-1929) died at the age of 10 of cholera.
Just four years earlier Peter had been fined 10 s. for sending a note to District Judge Fahy explaining his absence from court. Peter was prosecuted for non-compliance with the Vaccination Act, but it was noted that the child had been vaccinated. The Judge testily noted that Peter lived within 50 yards of the court and did not accept the note (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 May 1925, p. 7).
[2] Mary Teresa “Trixe” Molloy née Gahan ( ? -2009) S.R.N.; (Death notice, Munster Express, Fri. 6 March 2009, p. 15). After her father’s death Trixie married a widower, Patrick Molloy (c. 1925-2000). Paddy was a crane driver in Rosbercon, and his first wife Josephine died at the birth of their daughter Anne in 1957. Trixie is buried in Glenmore in the Gahan family grave and was survived by her son Martin and daughters Anne, Mary and Bridget.
After the death of her mother Trixie, who lived nearby on Cross St., transferred the liquor license to her name (New Ross Standard, Fri. 21 Aug. 1964, p. 2) and continued operating the pub until she transferred the license to William A. Gannon in 1979 (New Ross Standard, Fri. 31 Aug, 1979, p. 15).
[3] Mrs. F. Sayers, Bromley, Kent; Frances Rita Gahan (b. 19 Feb. 1926- ?). It is believed that her husband may have been Douglas Edward Sayers, Bromley, Greater London
[4] Mrs. G. Jones, Bournemouth; Eveleen J. Gahan married Daniel T.G. Jones in Oct. 1947 at Bournemouth, Hampshire, UK.
[5] Mr. L.P. Gahan, Guildford, Surrey; Laurence Gahan (1928-2019) married his wife Kathleen (b. 1934) in Southampton. Kathleen Ann Gahan née Ryan (b. 1934) was from Kilkee, Co. Clare Their eldest son Peter Gahan (b.1957) married Diane Gawley. Peter was a constable with the metropolitan police (Surrey Herald, Thurs. 25 Sept. 1986, p. 23).
Glenmore Connections: Peter Gahan’s Grandparents
Paternal Grandparents
Laurence “Larry” Gahan (1848-1907) was the son of Michael Gahan, of Newtown and Mary Mullins (b. 1814) of Flemingstown, Glenmore. Michael Gahan and Mary Mullins were married at Glenmore on 4 February 1834. The known children of this union include: [1] Richard Gahan (b. 1835); [2] Patrick Gahan (b. 1837); [3] Mary Gahan (b. 1840-1910) married on 5 Feb. 1883, James Walsh, of Rathpatrick, Slieverue son of Simon Walsh (deceased farmer); [4] John Gahan (b. 1844); [5] Laurence Gahan (b. 1846) and [6] Laurence Gahan (b. 1848-1907). Mary Gahan née Mullins was from the Felix Mullins family of Flemingstown, Glenmore.
Maternal Grandparents
Bridget Doherty (b. 1842) was the daughter of Richard Doherty and Ellenor Mullally of Coolnaleen, Glenmore. Richard Doherty married Ellen Mullally, of Davidstown, Glenmore, on the 27th of February 1838. To this union the following known children were born: [1] Mary Doherty (b. 1839); [2] Martin Doherty (b. 1840); [3] Bridget Doherty (b. 1842); [4] John Doherty (b. 1844); [5] Ellen Doherty (b. 1846); [6] James Doherty (b. 1849); [7] Peter Doherty (b. 1852); and [8] Patrick Doherty (b. 1855).
The Murder of Sir John Sheehy (1889-1949)
Peter Gahan’s brother-in-law, John Sheehy, entered the Indian Civil Service in 1914. John’s brother M.J. Sheehy (in 1949 he was in Dublin) followed him into the Indian Civil service and was one of the chief engineers on the Burma Road during World War II. The Sheehy’s were cousins of Rev. Dr. McFadden, Bishop of Cleveland (Tuam Herald, Sat. 21 May 1949, p. 5).
On the 9th of May 1949, Lady Sheehy saw her husband shot and killed by an intruder in their home in Minder, Germany. Sir John threw his slipper at the intruder and was shot in the heart. Sir John was the Assistant Financial Adviser to the British Military Governor in Germany.
With the granting of independence for India, Sir John joined Allied Control Commission on 1 July 1947, as Director of Public Revenue. He was made assistant Financial Advisor to the Military Governor on 3 August 1948. Sir John was 59 years of age at the time of his murder and in addition to his wife he was survived by two daughters and one son who were attending school in England. (Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette, Tues. 10 May 1949, p.14).
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Please send any corrections, photos or further information to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
On a recent trip into New Ross we believe that the Bumblebee sign is on the pub that Peter Gahan operated for decades. The feaured ad above is from page 1 of the New Ross Standard, 11 April 1924.
[Update 29 Sept. 2023–Peter Gahan, grandson of Peter Gahan (1888-1958), made contact and noted that his mother Kathleen Ann Gahan née Ryan (b. 1934) of Kilkee, Co. Clare is alive and well. Peter verified that his mother and father (Laurence Gahan) married in Southhampton. Peter’s mother further confirmed that her father-in-law’s pub was later called the Bumblebee. The photo of JFK above graced the pub and Peter’s grandmother, Tess Gahan née Sheehy (c. is in the upper storey window peering down on the street. Special thanks to Peter Gahan for sharing the photo as well as information]
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
One Hundred Years Ago: February 1923
Today, we are going to feature local events as recorded in newspapers local to Glenmore. After years of turmoil and violence, Glenmore residents had to be frustrated. The Irish Civil War entered its 8th month and the death and destruction showed no signs of dissipating. Just taking produce or animals to market was difficult and dangerous. Even fishing brought risks.
Targeting of Civilian Infrastructure
Roads
In February 1923 the Irregulars or Republicans continued to attack, damage and often destroy civilian infrastructure. At the end of January and continuing throughout February there was extensive felling of trees to block roads in both Kilkenny and Wexford. Telegraph wires were also cut in some places. People traveling to New Ross in February often had to pass through fields to avoid blocked roads. Trenches were re-opened in places between New Ross, Campile and Ballycullane (New Ross Standard, Fri. 2 Feb. 1923, p. 5). Several New Ross buyers traveling to Thomastown fair had to return home because the roads between New Ross and Thomastown were blocked (New Ross Standard, 9 February 1923, p. 8).
Kilkenny County Council gave £150 toward temporary repairs to the destroyed timber bridge at the Ferry, Mountgarrett. The bridge was targeted and destroyed in the War of Independence as well as the Civil War (New Ross Standard, Fri. 9 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
Trains
Trains continued to be targeted. The up train to Macmine was delayed nearly two hours because rail chairs were broken between Waterford and Glenmore. The down passenger and goods train was derailed on Wednesday the 31st of January between Glenmore and New Ross. It was run off the line out onto a public road and was badly damaged (New Ross Standard, Fri. 2 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
Water Works
Armed men wrecked the Youghal waterworks, at Boula, Co. Waterford, in reprisal for the execution of two men captured in Co. Waterford. The Council complied with the order of the Irregulars to petition the Government for clemency for the captured men. The Council also passed a resolution condemning the executions, yet the waterworks were destroyed. A limited supply of water was in the Cork Hill reservoir but there were hundreds of patients in St. Raphael Mental Home, the Workhouse and other Institutions. It was predicted that the water supply would only last two days and steps were taken to get some of the old pumps, long disused, in working order (Munster Express, Sat. 3 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
Violence Continued
Battles
At the end of January a large force of Republicans were active on the Walsh Mountains, between the villages of Hugginstown and Templeorum. A “sharp engagement,” took place on Thursday of last week between Republican forces and the National garrison from Mooncoin and Mullinavat. A running fight took place on the hills near Templorum. No casualties were reported from either side (Munster Express, Sat. 3 Feb. 1923, p. 6).
Civilian Killed
Miss Cissie Ryan, aged 16 of William St., Waterford was walking home with her sister and accompanied by two lieutenants of the National Army on the 23rd of January. Armed men attacked the soldiers on Wilkin St. Cissie who was behind her escorts was shot in the abdomen by the attackers. Although “little hope was entertained for her recovery she rallied for more than a week” before she died of her injuries (Munster Express, Sat. 3 Feb. 1923, p. 7).
Threats
Five well known Carrick-on-Suir residents received threatening notices. The notices were allegedly sent by the I.R.A. ordering the men to leave town because the men had allegedly made “statements prejudiced to the Republic and its citizens.” The local National Army authorities notified some leading Republicans that if any harm befell the recipients of the notices there would be serious consequences (Munster Express, Sat. 17 Feb. 1923, p. 4).
Snipers
Firing which became intense took place in Waterford on the night of the 18th. The sniping was directed toward the post office from points on the Kilkenny side of the River Suir. The replying fire of National troops silenced the attackers after about twenty minutes. No casualties were reported (Kilkenny People, Wed. 21 Feb. 1923, p. 7).
Prisoners
Richard Burke, a prisoner in Kilkenny goal was slightly wounded when he refused to withdraw from his cell window. A shot was fired by a guard and a splinter struck the prisoner (Kilkenny People, Wed. 21 Feb. 1923, p. 4).
Criminality Continued
As highlighted in previous months, from the newspaper accounts, it is often difficult to determine if reported activities were done to further the Republican agenda or if people were just taking advantage of the lack of police and the turmoil.
Kilmacow Raid
For example, on 20 February 1923, Ryan’s public house in Kilmacow was raided by armed men and a considerable amount of goods were taken. “The premises, have on many occasions recently received these unwelcome attentions.” The only occupants of the premises were two ladies (Kilkenny People, Wed. 21 Feb. 1923, p. 4).
Civic Guards for New Ross
In early February 1923, it was announced that Civic Guards were coming to New Ross. The National Troops vacated the Tholsel and have taken up residence in the old police barracks (New Ross Standard, 9 February 1923, p. 8).
The Murder of Mrs. Annie Devereaux, in Waterford City
Mrs. Devereaux was killed on the 15th in her home at 28 Slievekeale, Waterford City. At the time of her death, between 1 and 2 p.m., only two of her five children were in the home. Five year old Michael Devereaux ran from the home screaming that his mother was dead and that his uncle Willie killed her with a hatchet. Eleven-month-old Kathleen Devereaux was on the floor beside her mother.
Mrs. Devereaux had a deep wound on her neck that stretched from ear to ear as well as other gashes and died before help arrived. The infant was removed to the County and City Infirmary, but her condition was “nigh hopeless.” The deceased was the wife of James Devereaux, who was away working at the time of the murder. Kathleen Devereaux also died from her wounds (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 16 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
William Devereaux, the deceased’s brother-in-law, was arrested for her murder. At the inquest the doctor who was summoned to the scene believed that Mrs. Devereaux was holding Kathleen when she was attacked by her brother-in-law with a hatchet (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 23 Feb. 1923, p. 2). The death register records Mrs. Devereaux’s first name as Annie and she was 38 when she was killed.
Fishing
It was reported with the opening of the fishing season on 1 February 1923 that “due to flagrant and extensive violation of the laws by professional fishermen the Suir was very poorly stocked with fish.” Major General Proust, when informed of the illegal operations of cot men and others, issued a notice that pending revision by the Dail the existing fishery laws would be strictly enforced.
Major General Proust noted that illegal fishing would result in forfeiture of nets and other equipment and that cot men who refused to come to the bank when summoned by the authorities would be fired upon. It was immediately reported that two or three Clonmel fishermen had their nets seized, but because the fishing season was open the men would have their nets returned when they procured licenses.
While fishing for pike in the Slaney, near Enniscorthy, a local fisherman, named Butler, had his line fouled. When he was attempting to clear the line he found that it was caught in the ring of a Mills bomb, which had apparently been thrown into the river. An ex-British solider, also fishing in the vicinity, removed the grenade (New Ross Standard, Fri. 2 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
Postal News
Not all news regarding the postal service involved shooting or raids in February 1923. J.J. Walsh, the Postmaster General, issued a press release that the building of a G.P.O. on the ruins in O’Connell Street, Dublin, would start as soon as possible. The large ground at the back of Henry Street would be included in the new layout. He stated that work was being done from 20 to 30 out-offices instead of two or three. A new 1 ½ d. stamp was issued on 2 February. The new stamp “was an artistic one of maroon, with a blank map of Ireland in the centre” (Munster Express, Sat. 3 Feb. 1923, p. 3).
Economic Woes
The “old established jute factory” of Denny & Sons, of Waterford, closed because of a shortage of work due to a reduction in “killings in Irish bacon curing establishments.” The jute factory was engaged in making bacon wrappers (Munster Express, Sa. 3 Feb. 1923, p. 6).
Wages
Fifty shillings per week for a 48 hour week was agreed as the standard wage for labourers by Walsh and Dowley, Carrick-on-Suir and by the Carrick Urban Council for its employees (Munster Express, Sat. 10 Feb. 1923, p. 4). What the Munster Express failed to mention was the fact that the 50 shillings per week agreement represented a 4 s. reduction in wages. This reduction was to remain in place until June. The boatmen’s wages were settled by the men accepting the 4 s per week reduction, but getting a penny per ton extra for goods transported in the boats (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 2 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
Recruiting
The National Army made an appeal for recruits in February 1923. Allowances were advertised “in respect of dependents on a liberal scale.” A wife would receive 4s per day; a wife and child, 5s 6d; wife and two children, 6s 6d; and 9d per day extra for every other child under 14 years of age (Munster Express, Sat. 10 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
Glenmore in the News
Death of Mr. Paul Fitzgerald of Knockbrack, Glenmore
“The death of the above highly respected and popular gentleman, which took place on 20th, January at his residence, Knockbrack, is very deeply regretted. The deceased was a member of one of the most respected families in South Kilkenny. He was a man of splendid physique, a fine athlete n his time, a good and generous supporter of every charitable and patriotic movement for the past 30 years, a fond husband and father, and was liked by all with whom he was known for his good qualities of mind and heart, and to his neighbours especially, for his social and hospitable manner. “
“To know Paul was to love him, and his death on the above mentioned date is deeply mourned by his widow and family, relatives, and a large circle of friends. His funeral bore striking testimony to the esteem in which deceased was held, and was the largest seen in Glenmore within living memory. Solemn High Mass was offered up for deceased’s soul at the Parish Church after which the remains were conveyed to the family burial ground for interments. R.I.P.”
Chief Mourners
The chief mourners were—Mrs. Fitzgerald (widow); sons: Michael Fitzgerald; James Fitzgerald; Paul Fitzgerald; Thomas Fitzgerald; John Fitzgerald; daughters: Bridget Fitzgerald ; Ellie Fitzgerald; Mrs. Crowley, Mooncoin; Mrs. Fitzgerald, Mowlerstown; brothers: John Fitzgerald; Patrick Fitzgerald, Raheen; Edward Fitzgerald (do); brothers-in-law: Rev. Thomas Freaney, C.C. Gauthabawn; Rev. Patrick Freaney, C.C., Callan; James Freaney, Kilbride; John Feaney, Cullen Castle, Inistioge; Patrick Byrne, Brownsford, Tullogher ; and nieces: Mrs. O’Brien, New Ross; and Ellen Nolan, Raheen (Munster Express, Sat. 3 Feb. 1923, p. 7).
Vote of Sympathy
At a meeting of the Glenmore Football Club a vote of sympathy was passed for the Fitzgerald brothers, Knockbrack, prominent members of the club, on the death of their father (New Ross Standard, Fri. 9 Feb. 1923, p. 5).
Wife & Parents
Paul Fitzgerald (1854-1923), of Knockbrack, Glenmore, married Johanna Freany (1857-1945) of Kilbride, Glenmore on 14 November 1883 at Glenmore. The witnesses to the wedding were John Murphy and Johanna Knox. We believe that Paul Fitzgerald was born in 1854 to Michael Fitzgerald and his wife Anne Murphy. Johanna Freany Fitzgerald (1857-1945) was the daughter of James Freany, of Kilbride, and his wife Bridget Knox. See our post of 5 April 1921 regarding Johanna’s nephews James Francis “Frank” Freyne (1902-1974) and Peter David Freyne (1903-1921) and their service in the War of Independence.
Arrests at Ballyvaring, Glenmore
Two men named E. Dowley and J. Ryan were arrested on the 23rd of February by National Forces at Ballyvaring, near Ringville, Glenmore. A fully loaded revolver was found close by (Munster Express, Sat. 24 Feb. 1923, p. 2).
Please send any additional information or corrections to glenmore.historu@gmail.com.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Glenmore Sportsman: Bill Irish (1899-1976) Native of Aylwardstown [Updated]
Today, we are going to feature a Glenmore sportsman who played both hurling and football at club and county level. Unfortunately, Bill’s sporting days were tragically cut short when he was attacked and injured during a pitch invasion. Bill won a county junior football title with Glenmore in 1919 and went on to win senior football titles in 1921, 1922 and 1923. He was a member of the Glenmore-Kilmacow combined team that won the 1923 junior county hurling title.
The Irish Family of Aylwardstown, Glenmore
William “Bill” Irish was baptized at Glenmore on 11 November 1899. He was the son of Robert “Robin” Irish (1838-1908) (farmer) and his wife Margaret Ribby (sic) (1861-1917) of Aylwardstown, Glenmore. His godparents were John Heffernan and Kate Ribby (sic). Robert Irish did not register his son’s birth until the 8th of May 1900. There was a fine for failing to register, or for failing to register a birth within three months. In order to avoid the fine for registering a late birth it appears that Robert recorded Bill’s birth as 11 February 1900 although we know he was born on or before 11 November 1899 from the baptismal record.
While still in his teens Bill and his siblings were orphaned. Their father died in 1908 (the death register records his first name as Robin) and their mother died in 1917 of TB. The 1901 and 1911 censuses reveal that Bill’s uncle, Thomas Irish (1844-1928) resided with the family in Aylwardstown. Tommy Irish, a bachelor, at the age of 57 took the plunge and married a widow Ellen Roche née Kennedy, of Rathinure on 18 July 1901. This apparently unhappy union may be the subject of a future blog post.
Bill’s Parents and Siblings
Robert “Robin” Irish (1838-1908) and Margaret Rigby (1861-1917) were married on 22 November 1893 at Slieverue. The witnesses to the wedding were Peter Kennedy and Bridget Rigby. The couple had at least six children: John Irish (b. 1894); Mary “Mollie” Irish Doherty (b. 1896); Monsignor Michael Irish (b. 1897); William Irish (b. 1899); James “Skinner” Irish (b. 1902) and Patrick Irish (b. 1905).
Bill’s Grandparents
Bill’s paternal grandparents were John Irish, of Aylwardstown and Mary Irish née Irish, of Nicholastown, Slieverue. Bill’s paternal grandparents were married at Slieverue on 28 February 1832.
On the other side, Bill’s maternal grandparents were William Rigby, of Ballincrea, Slieverue and Bridget Hartley, of Busherstown, Glenmore. His maternal grandparents were married on 23 February 1857 at Glenmore.
Glenmore Football
Middle Row: Bill Irish, Richard Duggan (Flemingstown), Bill Hartley (Captain)(Busherstown), Willie Walsh, Jim Freyne (Kilbride).
Front Row: Tommy Fitzgerald (Moulerstown), Tom Conway, Mikie Murphy, Willie Hartley.
Bill won a county junior football title with Glenmore in 1919, as well as senior championships in 1921, 1922 and 1923. Men on the Glenmore team included: Martin, Paddy and Michael Cody, Weatherstown; Jimmy, Dick and Pat Hanrahan, Glenmore; Andy and Stephen Hefferenan, Aylwardstown; Jim and Johnny Phelan, Clonassey, Mullinavat; Mick Connolly and Peter Kirwan, Knockbrack; John Doherty, Davidstown; Ned Freyne, Ballyfacey; Paddy Murphy, Ballyveria; John Mullins, Flemingstown; and Ned Roche, Rathnure (sic) (Kilkenny People, Fri. 22 Oct. 1976, p. 10).
Bill was also a member of the Kilkenny team that lost to Dublin in the Leinster senior football final at Croke Park in November 1922. This Dublin team went on to beat Kerry in the all-Ireland final. See our previous post of 4 December 2022 detailing the Leinster final, and the fact that this Dublin team went on to beat Kerry in the all-Ireland final. The other players on the Kilkenny team included: Martin Cody (captain), Andy Heffernan, Pat Hartley, Jim Phelan, Bill Irish, John Fitzgerald, Mick Connolly, Paddy Cody, Jimmy Hanrahan (Glenmore); Pat Dalton, goal (Knocktopher), Tom Brennan, Frank Hughes, Andy Brennan (Cloneen), J. McKenna and Wattie Landy (Cotterstown) (Kilkenny People, Fri. 22 Oct. 1976, p. 10).
Glenmore Hurling
In the early part of the 20th century Glenmore was known for its football teams. Although a good football player, Bill Irish was described as being “equally adept at hurling.”
For the 1923 hurling season Glenmore amalgamated with Kilmacow and Bill Irish was the captain of the united team. The other Glenmore players included: Jimmy Hanrahan; Jimmy Fitzgerald, Martin Cody, of Weatherstown; Jimmy, P. & John Murphy, of Ballyveria. The Kilmacow players included: D. Rockett, Jim Quinn, Tom Williams, Tommy O’Neill, Luke Phelan, Peter Phelan, Jimmy Cleere (goal), and Paddy “Bagger” Grant.
The Glenmore-Kilmacow team fought their way to the 1923 junior hurling championship final that was played in 1924. The “southern combination” were the underdogs going into the championship match against Dicksboro, a Kilkenny City based GAA club that formed in 1909. However, the united Glenmore-Kilmacow team “gave a most determined performance, surprising their more fancied rivals and emerged worthy winners of a great game.” (Kilkenny People, Fri. 1 Sept. 1967, p. 7).
Such was the surprise at the result it was dubbed the surprise of the century, and a challenge was issued by Dicksboro. The teams met in the same venue, St. James’s Park in Kilkenny, and the winners were to receive a “beautiful set of medals.” The Glenmore-Kilmacow team journeyed to Kilkenny City and played Dicksboro again and defeated Dicksboro again.
According to a Kilkenny newspaper, published 40 years later, the game was unfinished owing to a disputed score and Glenmore-Kilmacow who were leading at the time were awarded the match (Kilkenny People, Fri. 1 Sept. 1967, p. 7). Other accounts relate that disgruntled Dicksboro supporters invaded the pitch and one supporter attacked the Glenmore-Kilmacow Captain, Bill Irish (Kilkenny People, Fri 22 Oct. 1976, p. 10).
The Injury
According to the account in Bill’s obituary the invasion of the pitch occurred when there was a stoppage of play. Bill was “knocked out completely by a kick in the stomach, which troubled him for years subsequently and ended his playing career,” at the age of 25 (Kilkenny People, Fri. 22 Oct. 1976, p. 10).
The Munster Express reported on Bill’s injury and subsequent 2 day hospitalisation as follows:
Gaels throughout the County in general, and especially in the southern division, will regret very much the injury to Bill Irish, Glenmore’s popular player, on Sunday last in the match against Dicksboro at St. James’s Park. One of the outstanding Gaels of the county either on the hurling or football field, the many followers of the game will wish him a speedy recovery and hope he may soon be capable of donning the popular colours again. He was able to leave the Infirmary for home on Tuesday last.
We learn that he has made good progress towards recovery from the effects of the occurrence. He was one of the Kilkenny men selected to represent Leinster in football in the forthcoming Tailteann trials (Munster Express, Sat. 31 May 1924, p. 5).
Given the severity of the injury it is surmised that the kick landed lower than Bill’s stomach and the newspaper account of the time was being polite in its description. [Update 24 Feb. 2023: Given that Bill is found in team photos of the 1925 and 1929 Glenmore football teams it appears that Bill continued to play at least football after his injury.]
The Medals
In August 1924, after repeated requests for the medals made to Mr. E. Purcell, Mr. M. Heffernan, Glenmore wrote to the Kilkenny County GAA Committee raising the issue. He attached the agreement that had been entered into by the two teams.
Heffernan wrote, “I hope the scrapping of such an agreement will not be tolerated. I would have brought the matter up sooner but I could get no definite answer from Mr. Purcell. I now learn he intends putting the medals up for another object.” In addition to withholding the medals, Heffernan noted that “Dicksboro played five of their senior players, which was contrary to the conditions in the agreement. The referee awarded the match to Glenmore. I cannot understand why Glenmore were not given the medals long ago.”
The enclosed agreement stated that the winners were to be given a set of medals and Glenmore to receive £5 towards travelling expenses. Heffernan did not raise the issue of the £5 in his letter, so it must be assumed that Dicksboro at least honoured that commitment.
The Chairman of the Committee stated, “The rule is that trophies for a friendly tournament must be deposited with the country secretary, and that rule was not enforced in this case.” He stated that he would ask the Secretary to write to Dicksboro and ask for the trophies to be deposited and the committee would deal with the issue at the next meeting (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 6 Sept. 1924, p. 6).
After Sports
Bill Irish purchased a farm in the townland of Melville, Mullinavat and married Mary Ennett, of Cappagh, Glenmore. The couple had at least 5 children including: John Irish, Bobby Irish, Marie Irish Fleming, Kathleen Irish Francis and Margaret Irish Easden.
Bill died in October 1976 and his enthusiasm for Gaelic sports did not wane after his pre-mature retirement due to the injury he suffered during the pitch invasion in 1924. It was reported that the day before he died Bill attended a National League hurling game between Cork and Kilkenny in Cork. Bill’s full obituary can be accessed on our obituary page by clicking here.
Please send any corrections, additional information or photos of Bill Irish to glenmore,history@gmail.com.
For further information concerning Glenmore and other Kilkenny hurling and football teams see, The Kilkenny GAA Bible (2028) compiled by Gerry O’Neill.
The featured team photo above is the Kilkenny Jr. Hurling Team of 1922 (Freeman’s Journal, 16 Oct. 1922, p. 3.)
[Update 7 Feb. 2023: Special thanks to Patty Brown and Ann Fitzgerald for supplying Margaret Rigby Irish’s date of birth. We are attempting to verify details concerning Mary Irish through her great-granddaughter who is 93 years of age.]
[Update 15 Feb. 2023: Special thanks to Noeleen Fogarty née Hennessey for sharing a photo of Bill Irish.]
[Update 24 Feb. 2023: Special thanks to Jackie Walsh for sending on two team photos and more importantly for identifying each team members.]
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Glenmore Footballers (Unbeaten Champions 1914 – 1925). [1925 on football in photo]
Back Row: James Vereker (Davidstown), Jim Murphy, William Irish, Pat Hartley, Andy Heffernan, Richard Hanrahan.
Next Row: Mick Heffernan, John Fitzgerald, John Doherty, Paul Fitzgerald, Michael Connolly, Peter Kirwan, Paddy Cody, James Dunphy.
Next Row: Stephen Heffernan, James Fitzgerald, Martin Cody (Captain), Fr. Richard Vereker, John Phelan, Bill Hartley (Busherstown).
Front Row: Jim Hanrahan, John Mullins, Mick Cody, Paddy Murphy.