1820’s
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From Danny’s Files: The Early Public Transport Through Glenmore
Danny Dowling (1927-2021) for over seven decades collected a vast amount of information on Glenmore. His files are a treasure trove of interviews he conducted, articles and books, and newspaper clippings etc. The following front page advertisement from 1824 was copied by Danny Dowling (1927-2021) from the Waterford Mirror (Sat. 12 June 1824, p. 1). It provides a glimpse how people with money were able to travel to and from Waterford City in the first half of the 19th century via “The Commercial Day Car Establishment.”
After 1798 the main road from Waterford to New Ross was altered such that it no longer went through the Village itself. We know that by the time Mr. Leonard was murdered on the hill of Glenmore in 1833, the Waterford-New Ross road by-passed Glenmore Village. It is likely that the alteration took place prior to 1824. (See our post of 14 December 2019 regarding the early roads and maps. For further information on the 1833 murder see our post of 9 February 2020).
Unfortunately toll bridges at Waterford and New Ross kept many people from accessing New Ross and Waterford. The only other market town of any size was Thomastown about 17 miles (28 kilometres) from Glenmore. The obstacles of toll bridges and distance probably contributed to the isolation that allowed Irish to be spoken in many Glenmore homes right up to the 20th century. In 1867, the Ida a river steamer began to sail between Waterford and New Ross. Although Glenmore people had to be rowed across the Barrow to a hulk on the Wexford side, it was very popular mode of transportation. (For further information on the Ida see our post of 29 February 2020).
Below is the 1824 advertisement. All cars traveling to Wexford passed through Glenmore Parish. We believe that the cars that went to Kilkenny via Mullinavat also passed through Cat’s Rock in Glenmore Parish.
The advertisement was placed by Charles Bianconi (1786-1875) the founder of Ireland’s first public transport system. For further information on Bianconi see McElroy & Butterfield, Dictionary of Irish Biography. We have attempted to present the advertisement as it was published with capitalizations, italics etc., but removed a couple of destinations. Editorial comments and explanations that are not part of the original advertisement have been placed in square brackets [ ].
The Commercial Day Car Establishment, Waterford 1824
The Public are respectfully informed, that the DAY CARS for PASSENGERS and PARCELS, leave Commin’s Hotel, Quay, opposite the Market-House, EVERY DAY (Sunday excepted) for the following places; and the Proprietor begs to assure his Friends and the Public, that no expense or exertion on his part has been spared, to have this, so useful an Establishment, appointed with careful and sober Drivers, good Horses and comfortable, safe and easy Cars, and at most reasonable Fares. [The Cummin’s Hotel is today the Granville Hotel, of Waterford. For a concise history of the Granville and Bianconi see, “Ask Ireland” webpage.]
The LIMERICK CAR leaves this Office every Morning at 5 o’clock—Through Carrick, Clonmel, Caher, Tipperary and Landscape; and arrives at GLEEN’S Hotel, Limerick at 5 ½ o’clock, same day. [The distance between Waterford City and Limerick is approximately 78 miles or 126 kilometres. This journey took 12 ½ hours.]
The WEXFORD CAR at 8 o’clock, Traveling Five Miles an Hour—through Ross, Fook’s-Mills, Taghon; and arrives at the Royal Mail Coach Office, Wexford, at 3 o’clock; leaves it at 8 o’clock, and arrives at Waterford in time to proceed to Kilkenny, and by the Regulator to Clonmel, same day. [Today the distance to drive from the Granville Hotel, Waterford to Wexford Town is approximately 56.6 kilometres or 35 miles. However, the route today is shorter than the Wexford Car route of 1824. It took a passenger in 1824 seven hours to make this journey.]
The CORK CAR every morning at 5 o’clock—Through Carrick, Clonmel, Caher, Mitchell’s Town, Fermoy, Watergrass-Hill; and arrives at the Car Office, Patrick’s street, corner of Prince street, before 7 o’clock, afternoon; leaves at 3 ½ o’clock, and arrives at Waterford by a quarter past 7 o’clock.
The TELFORAPH every Morning at 5 o’clock—Traveling Six Miles an Hour, and arrives in Clonmel 20 minutes past 9 o’clock; leaves Clonmel at 3 o’clock, evening, and arrives at Waterford, 20 minutes past 7.
To DUBLIN, BY KILKENNY CAR, every day at 3 o’clock—Passengers forwarded by Day Coach next Morning, at 6 o’clock, and arrives at 15, Duke street, Dublin before 5 o’clock; leaves same Office at 9 o’clock, and arrives in Kilkenny by 7 o’clock, and proceeds to Waterford by Day Car next morning at 6 o’clock, and arrives before 11 o’clock. [This journey took 16 hours to 27 hours depending on if the night was spent in Kilkenny City.]
THURLES CAR at 8 o’clock, Morning—Through Carrick, Clonmel, New Inn, Cashel, Holy-Cross, and arrives at Quinlan’s Hotel, Thurles, at 7 o’clock. Evening; leaves Thurles at 5 o’clock next Morning, and arrives at Waterford at 4 o’clock, giving Passengers an Hour to transact Business at Clonmel, to and from Thurles.
ENNISCOROTHY CAR at 8 o’clock, Monday—Through Ross, where Passengers are allowed nearly two hours to transact Business, and arrives at Enniscorothy in time to proceed to Dublin by Mail Coach through the County Wicklow; leaves Enniscorothy at 8 o’clock, after the arrival of the Dublin Mail, and arrives at Waterford with the Wexford Car.
KILKENNY CAR every day at 3 o’clock—Through Mullinavat, Ballyhale, Stonyford, and by the Merino Factory, and arrives at Bush Tavern, before 9 o’clock, in time to proceed by the Cork Mail to Dublin same Night, or by the Day Coaches or Caravan next Morning to Dublin.
ROSCREA CAR at 5 o’clock in the Morning—Through Carrick, Clonmel, Feathard, Cashel, (Thurles, o’clock), Templemore, and arrives at Roscrea in time for the Dublin Coach; and leaves Roscrea every Morning, and arrives in Waterford at 20 minutes past 7 o’clock, same Evening.
The CLONMEL REGULATOR with Two Horses, and Travelling Six Miles an Hour including all stops, at 3 o’clock and arrives at Clonmel 7 o’clock; leaves Clonmel at 6 o’clock in the Morning and arrives in Waterford at 10 o’clock.
CARRICK CARS 6 and 8 o’clock in the Morning; 3 o’clock in the Afternoon.
ROSS CARS at 8 o’clock every Morning, 3 and 5 in the Evening; leaves Ross at 6 and 7 o’clock in the Morning , and One o’clock in the Afternoon. [The distance between The Granville Hotel, of Waterford and the Quay in New Ross is approximately 14 miles or 23 kilometres.] …
DUNMORE and TRAMORE CARS, as usual, at every necessary hour.
The Proprietor will not be accountable for any Money, Plate, Jewels or Millinery whatsoever, or for any article above the value of Two Pounds Sterling; neither will he be answerable for Damages occasioned by wet or friction. Hats, Coats, Umbrellas, or any undirected Parcels not taken in charge at any of the Offices connected with this Establishment, and for which he will not therefore be accountable. 20 lbs. of Luggage allowed to Passenge3rs, Free; for any quantity over that weight and under 50 lbs. 1d per lb.; under 80 Miles 1 ½ d; and for any distance over that, 2d per lb.
CHARLES BIANCONI, PROPRIETOR
E. COMMINS, Agent
Waterford, June 7, 1824
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Please send any corrections, additional information or photos to glenmore.history@gmail.com
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
The drawing of the horse drawn vehicle above was at the top of the advertisement in the Waterford Mirror.
The Plight of Richard Fitzgerald (1793-c. 1860) of Aylwardstown, Glenmore
Today, we are going to highlight false public accusations made 205 years ago against an Aylwardstown, Glenmore man, Richard Fitzgerald (1793-c. 1860). In order to put the events into context we shall provide background information concerning the magistrates and policing in 1821. We have attempted to utilize the quaint language and spellings published in the 1821 Waterford newspaper covering the events.
Background
In Ireland magistrates were the primary instruments of the law for dealing with the disorder in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s. Under various legislation enacted by successive governments magistrates were given wide powers to search for arms as well as the right to grant or withdraw licenses for citizens to hold weapons. Magistrates were able to search houses if they suspected arms were concealed or if an occupant was absent at night. They were also empowered to question suspects against the threat of unlimited imprisonment. Although such powers allowed ample opportunity for abuse, they “seem to have been rarely used” (Virginia Crossman (1991) “Emergency Legislation and Agrarian Disorder in Ireland, 1821-41,” 21(1) Irish Historical Studies, 309-323).
Magistrates in execution of their duties could call on the army stationed in the countryside. A country-wide policing force, the county constabulary was created in 1822, although not every county was covered until 1825. These officers became the Royal Irish Constabulary. “County magistrates provided the lynchpin of the peacekeeping apparatus. (Crossman, p. 312). In 1822, the Insurrection Act was resurrected after troops and peace preservation police and the opening of a special commission failed to stop agrarian outrages in the south-west (Crossman, p. 313).
“Both the Insurrection Act and the suspension of habeas corpus were tried and trusted remedies in Ireland. Habeas corpus was suspended from 1797-1802 and from 1803-1806, and the Insurrection Act had been in force from 1795 to 1802, and 1807 to 1810 and from 1814 to 1818.” The original sentence for breach of the Insurrection Act was a death sentence for anyone administering an unlawful oath and transportation for anyone taking an unlawful oath (Crossman, p. 314).
The Kilmacow Rumour: The Night of 15/16 December 1821
What appears to have kicked off Richard Fitzgerald’s troubles was a rumour of armed men in Kilmacow. The Waterford Mirror reported “[w]e regret to find the strongest ground for suspecting that last Saturday night, or Sunday morning, there was, at or about Kilmacow, an illegal assemblage, or rather visit or procession, of armed men on foot. It was supposed by many that the men belonged to the police of a neighbouring Barony; but enquiry had completely falsified that supposition” (Waterford Mirror, Wed. 19 Dec. 1821, p. 3). This rumour at the end of the month was refuted by the parishioners of Kilmacow and Dunkitt (Waterford Mail, Wed. 28 Dec. 1821).
The Magistrates’ Search: 17 December 1821
On Monday, the 17th of December, John Snow and Henry Alcock, Esqrs., with a party of the 86th Regiment, made a general search for arms through that part of County Kilkenny, situate between Glanmire (sic) and Bishop’s Hall, by Tory Hill, and obtained six stand, which they lodged in the Tower of Waterford (Waterford Mirror, Wed. 19 Dec. 1821, p. 3). It appears that the two Magistrates were motivated by the Kilmacow rumour to search the local Kilkenny countryside for arms.
In attempting to discover how many arms represents six stand we found two possible explanations. One explanation is that a stand represents the complete kit a soldier requires. Thus, a stand would indicate a firearm, powder and ammunition and a bayonet. Another possible explanation was that it represented how weapons were stored or stood together. This usually reflected a minimum or three firearms. So either six or eighteen (or more) arms were taken in Kilkenny and stored in the Tower of Waterford.
Within a week of their searches the two magistrates sent a letter to the Editor of the Waterford Mirror, dated Christmas Eve. “We beg you will insert, for the information of the Public, the inclosed (sic) Affidavit, made by a disinterested person, who happened to be confined in the Tower the night Fitzgerald was there. This and other information we have on oath, and which we cannot now disclose, respecting the present state of the County Kilkenny, induced us to make a search for arms, knowing it to be dangerous to the peace of the county to have arms in it, which could be easily obtained by improper persons.”
The Affidavit of Anne Fitzgerald: Dated 18 December 1821
“Anne Fitzgerald came this day before me, and voluntarily made Oath on the Holy Evangelists, and saith(sic)—That on Monday morning last, when this Informant was confined in the Tower at Waterford, she was there told by a man of the name Richard Fitzgerald, also confined there, that he had a large faction in County Kilkenny, and that they had plenty of Ammunition. Informant also heard him mention the names of several persons of the very worse character, as being comrades of his. Particularly that noted bad character Captain Grant, who was hanged some time since, and told Informant that he belonged to Captain Grant’s gang, and that he used often to ride with him from Tipperary to Wexford. Sworn before me this 18th day of December 1821. Signed, Henry Alcock and Anne Fitzgerald made her mark” (Saunders’s News-Letter, Thurs. 27 Dec. 1821, p. 3). [For further information on the infamous highwayman Jerimiah Grant (1785-1816) a/k/a Captain Grant see, Grant on Line.]
Richard Fitzgerald wasted little time responding to the allegation made by Anne Fitzgerald. He wrote a letter to the Editor of the Waterford Mirror and attached his affidavit and a character reference. All three documents were published in the Waterford Mirror (Sat. 29 Dec. 1821).
Richard Fitzgerald’s Letter to the Editor of 26 December 1821
“Sir—I have seen in your independent paper of the 24th instant, a paragraph setting forth an affidavit made by a woman of the name Anne Fitzgerald, then confined in the Tower of Waterford, (I believe not for her good behaviour), lest the public might be led to believe it true, I beg you will have the goodness to insert in your useful columns, the annexed Affidavit and Characters, which, I trust will be sufficient to refute any further aspersions thrown out against me by her, or any prejudiced person who may be so infatuated to act as she had done. I remain, Sir, your very humble Servant, Richard Fitzgerald.”
Affidavit of Richard Fitzgerald of Midway House, Glenmore
“Midway House, Dec. 26
County Kilkenny
Before one of his Majesty’s Justices of the Peace for said County. Richard Fitzgerald, of Midway House in said County, farmer and publican, being duly examined and sworn on the Holy Evangelists, deposeth and saith, that he never told Anne Fitzgerald, when confined in the Tower of Waterford, that the Parish of Glenmore (or any other place) was any way disturbed, nor that he knew where there were any arms or ammunition, etc. The he did not tell her any thing respecting that notorious character, Captain Grant, but only this, that she, the said Anne Fitzgerald, asked him if he knew Captain Grant? He, informant, told her he had once seen him, as he rode through the County Kilkenny pursued by the Waterford Constables. Informant farther swears, that he never spoke a single sentence to the aforesaid Captain Grant; that he never rode with him in his life; that he never in Tipperary, and but once in Wexford; that he knows no more of Captain Grant’s adherents than he knew of himself; that the old carbine found in his house he never intended to conceal; that he never knew nor heard of arms or ammunition being in Glenmore, nor any other place, for any disaffected or disloyal purposes. Sworn to before me this 26th day of Dec. 1821. Signed by John Snow and Richard Fitzgerald.”
Character References for Richard Fitzgerald, Midway House, Glenmore
“We the undersigned, do declare, that we have known Richard Fitzgerald, of Midway House, from his boyhood, and that we have always known him to be a sober, industrious, and diligent young man; remarkedly honest in his dealings; never heard or seen anything disaffected or disloyal by him or his family, but always supported themselves by honest industry. Given under our hands, this 26th day of December 1821.” Signed Peter Strange, Landlord; Laurence Strange; P.E. Foristal; Thomas Esmond, Bart; and
John Fitzpatrick, P.P.
The Glenmore Referees
The men who provided character references for Richard Fitzgerald in December 1821 were residing in Glenmore or closely connected to Glenmore.
Peter Strange (c. 1735-1824) of Alywardtown House was the landlord for Aylwardstown. Thus he was Richard Fitzgerald’s landlord. In 1821, Peter Strange was elderly. He died on 23rd of September 1824 at the age of 89 (Weekly Freeman’s Journal, Sat, 2 Oct. 1824, p. 4).
Laurence Strange (c. 1770 -1845) is believed to have been the son of Peter Strange and became the landlord of Aylwardstown in 1824. He was known in 1835 for reducing the rent of his tenants in Aylwardstown. Laurence Strange died on the 4th of February 1845 at Aylwardstown at the age of 75 (Freeman’s Journal, wed. 12 Feb. 1845, p. 4 ].
P. E. Foristal was Pierce Edmond Foristal (c. 1773-1843) landlord of Rochestown, Glenmore. See our post of 6 Nov. 2022 regarding the killing of his tenant Catherine Hanrahan in July 1822, and our post of 15 Dec. 2022 regarding the trial and the testimony of Pierce Edmond Foristal at the killer’s trial. See generally our post of 7 Oct. 2023 regarding the Forristal family.
Thomas Esmond, Bart. At first glance it was thought that this man was the 8th Baronet and husband of Lady Letitia Esmond (c. 1781-1851) of Ringville. However, her husband died in 1803 without issue. The man who gave this reference was likely the 9th Baronet (1786-1868). Ringville had been purchased from Pierce Edmond Forristal’s father by Nicholas Devereux. Letitia was Nicholas Devereaux’s niece and heir.
John Fitzpatrick, P.P. (c. 1758-1835) was the Parish Priest for the combined parish of Slieverue-Glenmore. See our post of 26 Feb. 2026 for further information on Fr. John Fitzpatrick (c. 1758-1835).]
Richard Fitzgerald (1793-c. 1860) Halfway House, Aylwardstown, Glenmore
Thanks to Ann Fitzgerald’s research and help it is believed that the above Richard Fitzgerald was baptized at Ballinaraha, Glenmore on 21 December 1793. This means that he was 28 when he faced the above accusations. Richard was the son of John Fitzgerald and his wife Bridget Brien. Richard was the first Fitzgerald to occupy the Midway or Halfway House of Aylwardstown, Glenmore. It was the midway point on the old stage coach road between Waterford and New Ross. Today, the road is known locally as the High Road or L3429.
On 29 February 1824, Richard married Mary Walsh of Rochestown. The Parish Register records Richard’s surname as Bryan (his mother’s maiden name). Their daughter Bridget Fitzgerald was baptized on the 23rd of March 1825, at Glenmore, and Richard’s surname is correct and the address on the record is “Halfway House.”
Concluding Thoughts
We performed a search to determine why Anne Fitzgerald was incarcerated in “the Tower of Waterford” today known as Reginald’s Tower. We could not locate any information concerning her arrest or detention. It is not clear why Richard Fitzgerald was detained for one night, but given the activities of the Magistrates in searching the countryside and his admission of having an old carbine in his house, it seems likely he was swept up and held until he could be questioned by the Magistrates. Unfortunately, the detained Anne Fitzgerald then provided her statement on the 18th perhaps in an effort to gain her freedom.
We did locate an article that indicated Lord Bessborough and others were offering rewards for the “apprehension and conviction within six months” for a list of acts committed near Piltown on Wednesday the 19th of December 1821” (Waterford Mirror, Mon. 21 Dec. 1821, p. 1). However, this reward was not published until the 21st and it appears that Anne Fitzgerald could not read or write if a reward was her motivation. It is also interesting she referenced Captain Grant who was executed 5 years earlier.
No other references to Richard Fitzgerald or Anne Fitzgerald appeared in 1822 Waterford newspapers (that we could locate), so it appears that the accusations died with the publication of Richard Fitzgerald’s affidavit and character references. As stated above, Richard Fitzgerald married 26 months after the public accusations and got on with his life, and thereby ensuring a Richard Fitzgerald today is still residing in the Halfway House.
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Please send any corrections, further information or photos to glenmore.history@gmail.com .
Special thanks to Ann Fitzgerald for her help with this article.
The drawing of the Tower of Waterford (Reginald’s Tower) is from The Dublin Penny Journal (8 Dec. 1832, pp 188-189) Stable URL: http://www.justor.com/stable/30002646 . The photo of the Halfway House was taken in 2022.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Trial for the Killing of Catherine Hanrahan (c. 1798-1822) of Rochestown,Glenmore
On 6 November 2022 we published newspaper accounts of the manslaughter of Catherine Hanrahan in July 1822 at her home in Rochestown, Glenmore. While transcribing another Danny Dowling (1927-2021) notebook we discovered that Danny recorded articles from the Waterford Mirror that outline the testimony presented during the murder trial. These newspaper accounts provide more detail including the testimony of the landlord Pierse Edward Forristal, Esq. and conflicting testimony of other witnesses. It appears that the testimony of Pierse Edward Forristal, Esq. influenced the jury that only considered the case for a few minutes before returning its manslaughter verdict.
The Arrest
Danny recorded the following from the Waterford Mirror (Sat.20 Aug. 1822). Thomas Marks was charged with the murder of Catherine Hanrahan, at Rochesstown, in Co. Kilkenny. Thomas Marks was taken without resistance at a house in Kilmacthomas. Marks when arrested stated that he was on his way to surrender. He was transmitted to the County Kilkenny gaol.
The Waterford Mail on Wednesday the 14th of August 1822 provided an account of day three of the Kilkenny Assizes. In this account Thomas Marks was indicted for the murder of Catherine Hanrahan and the assault of Luke Power “by presenting a pistol at him.” Hereafter Marks is described as the prisoner.
The Testimony of Luke Power
Luke Power was sworn and testified. Unfortunately, the newspaper account does not provide his relationship, if any, to the deceased Catherine Hanrahan née Power, his occupation or residence. Later in defence testimony it appears that Luke and Thomas Power are brothers. Luke Power testified that he knows Rochestown and was there the Monday after the fair of Thomastown. He knows Thomas Power who lives at Rochestown. On that Monday, very early in the morning, he saw the prisoner at Rochestown.
Luke Power testified that the dog barked at the prisoner. Luke Power got up and asked who was there. The prisoner responded that he was distraining for Mr. Forristal. Luke Power testified that the prisoner was armed. Witness shut the door and would not let the prisoner in. Luke Power then went down to where the cows were and saw three bailiffs there, but the prisoner was not with them.
Luke Power heard a shot and returned to the house and saw Catherine Hanrahan “kilt” on the floor. She died six days after being shot. Luke Power went out to the road where some of the neighbours were gathered. The prisoner said “here’s the man was going to kill me,” and cocked his pistol at Luke Power. It was an hour before sunrise when the prisoner came with six men.
Cross-Examination of Luke Power
Luke Power testified that Mr. Forristal was his landlord. He stated that he paid some rent to Mr. Sherlock and owed Mr. Forristal one hundred pounds “or that way rent.” His brother was his partner in the land. He first saw the prisoner and his assistants in the yard, it was not then 3 o’clock.
Sherlock distrained Luke Power four weeks earlier, but he did not think there was a reason at that time. He did testify that a horse had been taken away to the bog at that time. The prisoner distrained Luke Power before for Mr. Forristal, but could not say how long before. At the time the shot was fired Luke Power was four or five fields away and had not walked a step with the prisoner that morning.
The Testimony of Alicia Power of Rochestown, Glenmore
Alicia Power testified that she was the daughter of Thomas Power and the sister of the deceased Catherine Hanrahan. She remembered people coming to her father’s on the first of July last before sunrise. She saw the prisoner there. She testified that her sister was driving pigs out of the bawn. The prisoner desired that her sister leave them there. When she refused Alicia Power testified that the prisoner ran over and caught her sister by the neck and “squeezed her.” Her neck was cut by his “iron hand.”
Alicia Power stated that she could hear “all that occurred” between the deceased and the prisoner. The prisoner said, “Come leave the pigs there.” Deceased answered, “How do you know who owns them?” Prisoner then struck the deceased and was choking her. Prisoner lifted his foot on a stone and saying, “by G-d I’ll shoot you,” and then fired his pistol. Deceased was then running away and was shot 6 yards from the prisoner. She fell at the door, the ball entered her back. There was another man there minding the pigs where the deceased left them.
Her sister was “shot on Monday morning and died the Sunday following.”
Cross Examination of Alicia Power of Rochestown, Glenmore
Alicia Powers was driving the pigs with her sister the deceased. “They had been in the cabin and were driving them out of the bawn.” Deceased had a stick in her hand. She usually brought a stick to drive the pigs. The deceased did not strike the prisoner and Alicia Power never saw a stone in the deceased’s hand. Alicia Power testified that she never saw the prisoner fall or see any stone thrown at him. She testified that the deceased could not have thrown a stone without her seeing it. Alicia Power was at the prisoner’s side when he fired.
Alicia Power said that the prisoner had only one pistol. She saw Luke Power come up. But never saw the prisoner “present a pistol at him.” Alicia Power swore information against prisoner before Mr. Snow. She did not swear against any other person except the prisoner. She did not hear the deceased, or any other person calling out, “kill the black protestant,” and firmly stated that she did not say it either.
Examined by the Bench—Alicia Power clarified to the judge that the prisoner had six or seven men in his party, one of whom was present when the shot was fired. Bridget Cashin was present but no boys or men. They were down on the land where the cows were.
The Testimony of Bridget Cashin
Bridget Cashin was present when Catherine Hanrahan was shot. She saw the prisoner that morning and saw him fire a shot at Catherine Hanrahan. The deceased was Bridget Cashin’s cousin. She observed the deceased driving the pigs out of the bawn. Only her sister was with the deceased. None of the men of the house were present. She testified that the prisoner had two men with him. She denied that the deceased struck the prisoner or threw stones at him. “He cursed G-d, he would fire at her in a minute.”
Bridget Cashin testified that the prisoner caught the deceased by her neck and choked her. The prisoner laid the pistol on his left knee and fired. The deceased walked four steps and fell. “She did not get up since.” Deceased was 24 years of age, was married 2.5 years, and had one child. Interestingly the Waterford newspaper did not acknowledge that the deceased was pregnant when she was shot in the back.
Cross Examination of Bridget Cashin
Bridget Cashin could not identify the two men with the prisoner. The house was distrained for Mr. Forristal’s rent, but she could not say whether the men were “keepers.” Deceased refused to leave the pigs and was driving them away. The deceased said she would drive them in spite of the prisoner. Bridget Cashin stated that she did not say anything, and the deceased did not say “kill the bloody or the black protestant.” She did not see Luke Power come up. She went to Mr. Snow’s and swore information about six days after “the business occurred.”
The Testimony of Dr. John Briscoe of Waterford
Dr. Briscoe testified that he attended Catherine Hanrahan at Rochestown on the second of July. She had received a gunshot wound in the lower part of the back “of which she afterwards died.”
Cross Examination of Dr. John Briscoe
The wound was horizontal in the lower part of the spine on the right side near the hip. The doctor did not see a mark of bruises or a cut on the deceased’s neck.
The Crown rested and the defence began.
The Testimony of William Cooney
William Cooney testified that he knew the prisoner and went with him to Rochestown on the first of July to distrain for Mr. Forristal. The distraining party consisted of: Thoman and John Marks; William and Richard Jeffers; —Lonergan and himself. They first went to the fields where they collected three horses and some cows. Three men were left in the field to guard the animals. Prisoner then brought Lonergan and William Cooney to the house and told them to take charge of all the property there both inside and outside. He testified that they never entered the house. The pigs were seized in the lane. Prisoner brought William Cooney down towards the fields and they met Luke Power and his brother Thomas.
Prisoner advised the Powers to get bail to release the cattle. Thomas Power had a wattle and struck at Lonergan. The blow was prevented by Luke Power. Prisoner went down to Mr. Forristal’s which was about a field away. Lonergan and Cooney were left in charge of the house. Whilst prisoner was away the two Powers and a woman (not the deceased) pushed Lonergan out of the yard. Lonergan left to tell the prisoner. Cooney was alone and went out onto the road.
Power’s two daughters and another girl were driving the pigs out of the bawn. Deceased had a wattle in her hand. When Lonergan returned one of the girls said, “Mr. Forristal knew nothing of the pigs and for God’s sake let them go.” Lonergan and Cooney refused and the deceased then said, “she would have them (the pigs) or she would knock one of their brains out sideways with the wattle.”
Cooney testified that the wattle was heavy and two and a half yards in length. Prisoner returned and upon hearing the deceased told her, “for God’s sake go in and be quiet and all will be well.” Cooney stated that deceased advanced toward prisoner and said, “you black protestant are you come again to rob us?” She made a blow of the wattle at him. She said the words in Irish. Prisoner gave the deceased a shove and said, “go in God’s name and don’t be aggravating me.”
The deceased raised the wattle and struck the prisoner two or three times. She called out for someone to come “knock the black protestant’s brains out.” The deceased then took up a stone according to Cooney and struck the prisoner in the knee. The other two women were running with stones in their hands. Cooney and Lonergan went between the women and the prisoner. Cooney saw and heard the shot fired. The deceased when shot was stooping for a stone.
The prisoner when he fired was down, “having dropped down sideways when hit on the knee with the stone.” The prisoner was not flat on the ground. He was supported by his elbow. A quarter of an hour later Luke Power came up. The prisoner only had one pistol and it was re-loaded. Luke Power was very angry and was according to Coney going to injure them if he could. Luke Power called the prisoner a “bloody rogue” and “all of them robbers.”
Cross Examination of William Cooney
Cooney was asked to repeat what the deceased had said in Irish and he did. No men of the Power family were present from the time the pigs were driven out first until after the shot was fired. Cooney admitted that he and Lonergan had sticks, but were not otherwise armed. He continued to assert that the three women were very violent, but admitted that the three men could have defended themselves without a shot.
It was daylight when they came on the ground. They left Waterford at 11 o’clock at night. They stopped at Mackey’s on the way and too refreshment. They remained at Mackey’s until “clear daylight.” Cooney described Mackey’s as 4 or 5 miles from Rochestown. Deceased had not run from the prisoner she was sideways, stooping for a stone, about 6 or 8 yards from prisoner.
When the prisoner fell his pistol went off. Cooney stated that the prisoner had not aimed at the deceased. Cooney stated his belief that the prisoner did not intend to fire at the deceased or to pull the trigger. About an hour after the shooting the prisoner said that the pistol went off by accident. Although Cooney stated that the prisoner’s life was in danger, if Cooney was in the same situation he would not have fired at the deceased. Cooney could not say how the pistol went off.
Dr. Briscoe Recalled
Dr. Briscoe was asked about the wound. He testified that it was horizontal. He stated that if the deceased was stooping he could not conceive how she received such a wound unless she and the shooter were both kneeling. Thus Dr. Briscoe did not find injuries on the deceased’s neck and ruled out that the deceased was stooping when shot.
The Testimony of Pierse Edward Forristal, Esq. of Rochestown, Glenmore
“Recollected the morning when this transaction happened.” He saw the prisoner 6 or 8 minutes after the shooting. Prisoner was distraining for Forristal and had frequently before acted as bailiff on his lands. He had distrained them a short time before. The prisoner had “always behaved himself well, and if he had a bad character, he would not have employed him.” Forristal stated that the prisoner is a pensioner and lost his hand “on service.” He went on to testify that the prisoner “frequently interfered” with Forristal in favour of the tenants by always speaking kindly of them and “procured time for them.”
Cross Examination of Pierse Edward Forristal, Esq.
Forristal testified that he sent for the prisoner to act as bailiff and bring 5 men with him. He also instructed that they should be very early on the land “as the Powers had removed their cattle on a former occasion.” Prisoner called to Forristal about 3 o’clock in the morning and told Forristal he had affected the distress. Forristal ordered his horse to be got ready. Jeffers arrived and said that the Powers had taken away horses and cows. The prisoner returned to Power’s. When Forristal arrived he learned of the shooting.
Forristal asked the prisoner why he fired. Prisoner responded that “he’d rather he had wounded himself than the girl.” Forristal testified that Tom Power said to the prisoner, “you have murdered my daughter.” The prisoner replied, “I did not intend to shoot her, but if I did it was her own fault.” The prisoner then unbuttoned the knee of his breeches and showed a large mark on his knee saying, “See Mr. Forristal, how I have been used.” [Of course he could have injured his knee at any time stumbling around in the dark after leaving Mackey’s where they had “refreshments.”]
The prisoner did not tell Mr. Forristal that the pistol went off by accident and Forristal never heard that it did.
The last witness called was Rev. Francis Reynett who testified that he knew the prisoner for about 18 years. He considered him a well conducted man and never heard anything against his character.
Jury Decision
The Lord Chief Justice charged the jury and they retired, “and in a few minutes they returned with a verdict, acquitting the prisoner of murder, but finding him guilty of manslaughter. They also acquitted the prisoner of presenting the pistol at Luke Power.”
The Chief justice sentenced the prisoner to be burned on the hand and imprisoned for 6 months.
What Happened to the Power Family of Rochestown, Glenmore?
We know that no one by the name of Power or Hanrahan were listed as tenants in Rochestown in the 1829 Tithe Lists. We are currently searching Prof. Mannion’s Newfoundland records of Irish emigrants 1750 to 1850 because several Rochestown families moved there in the early 19th century.
For some information on Rochestown see our post of 3 December 2023.
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Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
The Killing in 1822 of Catherine Hanrahan of Rochestown, Glenmore
Due to a typographical error, 1822 was placed in a newspaper search engine rather than 1922. However, from this simple mistake sprang an apparently long forgotten story concerning a young pregnant mother, named Catherine Hanrahan, of Rochestown, Glenmore, who was shot and killed by a one-armed Waterford bailiff in July 1822.
Catherine Hanrahan née Power (c. 1798-1822)
From the newspaper accounts of her killing we know that Catherine was the daughter of Thomas Power and her husband was Thomas Hanrahan. We were able to find a marriage record for Catherine Power and Thomas Hanrahan. Thomas Hanrahan and Catherine Power of Rochestown married 14 February 1820 at Slieverue. The witnesses to the wedding were: William Hanrahan, Thomas Hanrahan and James Cashin. The following year the couple had their first child, Judith Hanrahan. Judith was baptised 12 April 1821 at Rochestown. Her godparents were Luke Power and Nelly Foristal (sic). It does not appear that Luke Power was a brother of Catherine because the newspapers in reporting on her killing noted her parents and younger sisters mourning her death. One newspaper recorded Catherine being aged 23 at the time of her death and another gave her age as 24. The only Catherine Power we found in the Slieverue records for the years 1797-1799 was Catherine Power, of Boherbee, baptized 25 May 1797 to Thomas Power and Mary Welsh. Glenmore did not become a separate parish until 1844, so the earliest parish records are in Slieverue.
1822
The year 1822 was a year when food was not plentiful in Ireland and famine visited the west of the country. This was also the year that the Royal Irish Constabulary was established by Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850). Catherine was shot on Monday, 1st July 1822 and lingered in agony until her death Sunday, 7th July 1822. The Waterford Chronicle (Thurs. 11 July 1822, p. 3) stated that a report was circulating in Waterford City for a couple of days “…that a poor woman had been fired at and severely wounded, near Rochestown, by a man from this City, named Marks, employed to watch some property distrained. We forbore to notice the rumour at the time, having been unable to trace it to any authentic source; but we have since learned the melancholy fact, that the unfortunate woman died of the wound on Sunday. As the circumstances will of course undergo a judicial investigation, we refrain from saying more at present.” The Waterford Mirror (reprinted in the Carlow Morning Post, Mon. 15 July 1822, p. 3) noted that it had twice reported on the “unhappy occurrence” at “Rochestown, Barony of Ida, County Kilkenny, a place not under proclamation.”
“Not under proclamation” was a phrase used to describe the area as law abiding. Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850) was the chief secretary of Ireland from 1812 to 1818 and the driving force behind “An Act …to provide for the better execution of the laws in Ireland, by appointing Superintending Magistrates and additional constables in Counties in certain cases…[that] are in a State of Disturbance (54, George III, c. 131, 25 July 1814). Generally, if it was declared by a public Proclamation that an area was in a state of disturbance additional police and magistrates were put in place to quickly quell disturbances. Due to Sir Robert Peel’s establishment of professional police groups police were often referred to as “peelers” and “bobbies.” These terms are still used today.
The most detailed account of Catherine’s killing was found in the Leinster Journal (Sat. 13 July 1822, p. 2).
COUNTY POLICE—On the morning of the 1st instant, six or seven bailiffs were sent to Rochestown, in this county, to distrain of Thomas Power, for rent due to Pierce Edward Forrestall (sic), Esq. They arrived at the village long before sun-rise, and appear to have endeavoured to seize the pigs. Power’s daughter, Catherine, a good young woman, aged 23, wife of Thomas Hanrahan, who was gone to the bog, having heard the noise, got up, and seeing no person in the bawn, went to drive back the pigs to rest, when one of the bailiffs, a ruffian of the name of Thomas Marks, a pensioner, who has only one hand and has an iron hook fixed on the stump of the other, jumped from a loose stone wall, and hooked her by the throat with that substitution for a hand. She screamed which roused her mother, sisters, and a neighbour. Having disengaged herself from the miscreant’s iron hook, she fled towards the house, on which this ruthless barbarian placed his foot on an elevated stone in the yard, rested his pistol on his knee, took deliberate aim at the poor woman, and fired. She received the ball to the region of the kidney and fell to the ground. Surgical aid was soon procured, but in vain. The ball could not be extracted, and she lingered in excruciating agony until Sunday morning last, when she died in the arms of her heart broken mother, and in the presence of her afflicted father, husband, four younger sisters, uncles, aunts, other relatives, and of her own babe which is only 14 months old. The hapless victim of the fiend was in a state of pregnancy. John Snow, Esq. on hearing of the affair, attended to take her information, but she was in too great tertiary to give the necessary details. On Monday last, that Gentleman and Samuel Warring, Esq., held an inquest on the body, when a verdict of wilful murder was returned against Marks. The ruffian was publicly and most unaccountable at large in Waterford until the woman died, and he was seen last Monday in Clonmel. Happily for ourselves, perhaps we have no space left for commentary. Never in our recollection did so many police murders and outrages occur in the same space of time as during the last three months, but happily the population of the county have been guilty of neither, and notwithstanding the provocation we have recorded above, the inhabitants of Rochestown, always distinguished for their good conduct, offered no insult to the wretches who had brought mourning late their peaceful village.
It is assumed that Thomas Hanrahan and his father-in-law Thomas Power had left the house earlier to travel to a bog to cut peat. From the newspaper account it appears that only Catherine, her mother, and four younger sisters were at home when Catherine was shot by a one-armed pensioner employed as a bailiff.
A little over a month after Catherine Hanrahan died, her killer Thomas Marks was tried on Saturday the 12th of August 1822 in the Kilkenny Assizes for her murder. Unfortunately, there is some confusion among the newspaper accounts as to the outcome of the murder trial. It was reported in one newspaper that he was found guilty of murder (Saunder’s News-Letter, Tues. 20 Aug. 1822, p. 3). Several newspapers reported that Thomas Marks was found guilty of the manslaughter of Catharine Hanrahan and sentenced to six months imprisonment (e.g. Freeman’s Journal, Thurs. 15 Aug. 1822, p. 4; Dublin Weekly Register, Sat. 17 Aug. 1822, p. 3). The Leinster Journal (Sat. 17 Aug. 1822, p. 2) provided further detail regarding the punishment. A verdict of manslaughter was returned and the sentence was “to be burned in the hand and confined six months.”
Unfortunately, no newspaper appears to have covered the murder trial itself, so we do not know why Thomas Marks was convicted of manslaughter rather than murder. In the 19th century “malice aforethought” or pre-meditation had to be proven, or was it the case that the jury was swayed by the killer’s disability, age, or occupation? The burning of the killer’s hand raises an interesting point. During the Middle Ages clergy were immune to the civil law and could claim “Benefit of Clergy.” Later “Benefit of Clergy” became a procedural device where laymen could mitigate the harshness of the common law which provided that murders were hanged. To make certain that a layman was not able to claim the benefit more than once his thumb would be burned to mark him. Benefit of Clergy was greatly curtailed when transportation to a colony became a sentencing option and eventually it ended in the early 19th century. It is doubtful that the killer Thomas Marks sought the Benefit of Clergy. It seems more likely that the Judge believed that the jury had exercised mercy and wanted the killer marked to keep him from enjoying further mercy if he killed again.
In attempting to find more information on the killer we came across another man named Thomas Marks sentenced in 1821 to six months imprisonment with hard labour. This sentence of six months with hard labour puts the sentence of six months for killing a pregnant woman, running away from her killer, into perspective. The other Thomas Marks was convicted of stealing “four ducks, four hens and a cock, the property of Mr. Robert Macaulay of Crumlin” (Belfast Commercial Chronicle, Sat. 22 Sept. 1821, p. 4).
Killing No Murder
Perhaps the best clue as to explanation as to why Thomas Marks was convicted of manslaughter may be found on other pages of the Leinster Journal. In addition to the statements made in the article provided above entitled “County Police,”– that in his recollection there were never as many police killings and police outrages as in the previous three months of May, June and July 1822–the editor of the Leinster Journal wrote several other articles concerning the police killings in County Kilkenny. One entitled “Killing No Murder” (Wed. 7 Aug. 1922, p. 2) states,
A correspondent promises to send queries and observation for the consideration of the Grand Jury or Judges of the Assizes, relative to the apparent indifference of the functionaries of Government in the case of an aimable girl, Mary Delaney, who was killed on the spot by the rash and unwarrantable firing of the police on the people assembled at Bawn fair. He also bespeaks our indulgence for a few remarks on the employment of Ralph Deacon as a Peeler at this place where he so recently killed James Aylward, by shooting him through the body, having previously declared, according to the testimony of three witnesses, that he would do something of the kind. He [correspondent] thinks if the services of this man cannot be dispensed with in Ireland, he might be employed in more advantage at a distance from the justly irritated friends and relatives of the deceased.
Lastly, although Griffith’s Tithe Applotment books (1829) records the names of tenants of townlands was performed in 1829 neither Thomas Power nor Thomas Hanrahan are found listed in Rochestown or adjacent townlands.
If anyone has any further information or corrections, please send to glenmore.history@gmail.com.
Special thanks to Bernie Ryan of the Local Studies unit of the Kilkenny Library for her aid and patience as I pursued this very cold case through old newspapers not yet digitalised.
The featured photo of the two pistols is a cigarette card and is courtesy of the New York City Library. George Arents Collection, The New York Public Library. “Pistols.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed November 6, 2022. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5e66b3e8-c668-d471-e040-e00a180654d7
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh