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100 Years Ago: February 1921
In February 1921, the War of Independence continued. By February martial law–that in early January had been extended from Cork to Waterford, Kilkenny and Wexford–began to result in more arrests and over crowding in the Waterford jail. The local newspapers were filled with reports of men and several women in Waterford and New Ross being arrested for having seditious material in their possession. In most instances the persons arrested refused to acknowledge the court marital courts. One of the more unusual arrests took place in early February. Mr. John Murphy, U.D.C., New Ross was arrested for failing to attach to the back of his front door the names of the persons of his household as required by martial law. It was reported that, “[t]he military, before arresting Mr. Murphy, referred him to the requirements of the proclamation, many copies of which had been posted up on his window a week previous.” (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 4 Feb. 1921, p. 5).
As the Crown forces went out on patrol it was reported that for protection against attack the patrols often had prisoners in their vehicles. One of the human shields was Cathal J. Kickham the nephew of fenian Charles Kickham (1826-1886) of Tipperary. Cathal J. Kickham was residing at Bushey Park, London and among an undisclosed number of Irishmen arrested in London. “He has been transferred to the Irish Bastille—Mountjoy—and since his arrest he has been taken around Dublin City as a hostage for the protection of patrols.” (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 4 Feb. 1921, p. 4).
It wasn’t just the Crown patrols that continued to be under attack. The police barracks at Mullinavat, Co. Kilkenny were again attacked during the night of the 16th-17th of January 1921. The police and Crown forces in the barracks reported that rifle fire was directed on the barracks from the loft of a building “immediately opposite.” The loft belonged to James Ryan, of Mullinavat. Colonel Cameron, commander of the 16th Infantry Brigade, Military Governor, ordered the destruction of the loft on the grounds that James Ryan “was bound to have known of the rebel attacks and that he gave no information to the police or military authorities.” A notice of the destruction was served on James Ryan, telling him of the order, the reasons for the destruction and providing him with one hour’s notice to “clear out” any valuables, foodstuffs, corn or hay, but not furniture. The loft was destroyed on the 28th of January, but it was not officially communicated to the newspapers by the military authorities until February. (Kilkenny People, Sat. 12 Feb. 1921).
At the same time the military authorities were officially communicating with the newspapers concerning the retributive destruction of private property in Mullinavat, Crown forces on the 10th of February went to “various districts around Mullinavat” and arrested the following 11 men: Wm. Raftis, Ballyluskey; Wm. Aylward, Knockmoylan; Patrick McDonald, Ballinlea; Edward Walsh, Glendel; Michael Hoban, do; Ml. Phelan, Clonassey; James Phelan, do.; Rd. Kennealy, Ballynooney; John Cashin, do.; Jas. Malone, Redacres; and Thos, Duggan, Clonassey. The men were brought to Mullinavat police barracks, where they were interrogated at length. The following listed 5 men were detained, and the other 6 men were released—Rd. Kennealy, Wm. Raftis, Patk. McDonald, Ed Walsh, and John Cashin. The detained 5 men were removed later to Woodstock. (Munster Express, Sat. 12 Feb. 1921, p. 5) A week later Richard Kenneally, Ballynooney, was released. (Munster Express, Sat. 1921, p. 5)
As we have previously reported the empty barracks in Glenmore were burned on Easter Saturday night in 1920 by local Company C of the I.R.A. (See, https://glenmore-history.com/the-glenmore-barracks/ ). In February 1921 there were no reports in local newspapers of raids or arrests in Glenmore, however, it was reported that “[a] postman carrying a bag of mail between the village of Glenmore, Co. Kilkenny, and Aylwardstown railway station was held up by masked and armed men who seized the bag.” (Munster Express, Sat. l2 Feb. 1921, p. 5) It is believed that this action was performed by local I.R.A. members to discover and disrupt any reports to Crown authorities concerning local I.R.A. men or their activities.
As the jails became filled with men and women who were arrested for breaching the martial law. Under the imposed martial law there was a curfew, attendance at funerals was limited, it was an offence to have nationalist material, and as highlighted above it was an offence not to post a list of household members. Articles began to be published concerning the difficulty of visiting the prisoners in the Waterford City jail at Ballybricken.
“Any day one passes by Ballybricken prison one is treated to the spectacle of a queue of persons—men and women—lined up outside the jail gates, wearily waiting for admission to visit some loved one, or friends incarcerated within for some political offence—imaginary or real. If one perchance repasses the same way an hour or two (perhaps three hours) later, one frequently sees the same anxious faces still waiting there. Perhaps if one called around again the afternoon when the final bar is put up to mark the close of visits for that day, one will see many of those same people turning away dejectedly to seek the comfort of a few kind words from friends elsewhere in the city, for they have been unable to see their relatives that day, and must wait overnight in order to seek a successful entrance to the sombre citadel of punishment on the following day. Many of these people come from twenty to sixty miles to visit their friends; they are not all blessed with a superabundance of the world’s goods; and the cost of needlessly waiting over in the city for a night is sometimes more than their limited finances will allow. Several of these people have made complaints about this. The visiting hours are from 10 a.m. to 12:30, and from 2 p.m. to 3:30. One person only (sometimes two) is allowed in at a time, the average length of each interview being a quarter of an hour. With such limited facilities for visits and interview, they say, many have to wait a day or two before they gain admission.”
It was reported that in Cork and Galway up to four or five prisoners were allowed to visit an equivalent number of friends. The newspaper suggested that reform was needed at Ballybricken. (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 11 Feb. 1921, p. 3). Before the end of February it was reported that prisoners were being removed from Waterford jail. The tried and convicted prisoners were moved to Mountjoy Prison, and the untried prisoners to Kilworth Detention Camp, Co. Cork under heavy military escorts. (Munster Express, Sat. 26 Feb. 1921, p. 2).
Not all of the articles in the February 1921 local newspapers concerned the War of Independence. For example, brief notices appeared announcing the death of Mrs. Charles Parnell at the age of 75. Her funeral was conducted from the residence in England of her son, Captain O’Shea. (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 11 Feb. 1921, p. 5). One interesting article highlighted the change in the status of Irish women and the bias of the obvious male reporter who wrote the article. “On Tuesday a number of Waterford ladies were served with notices to attend as jurors, common and grand, at the forthcoming Assizes … Many of the ladies, without knowledge of this feature of the franchise being extended to their sex, were taken by surprise. Those of the fine opposite sex gifted with judicial capacity—no personalities—of imparting certain lectures will now have the unique experience of trying their fellow mortals and earth born companions—apologies to Burns’ ode on the mouse—in public court.” (Waterford News & Star, Fri 25 Feb. 1921, p. 5).
Also, it was reported that the tide of Irish emigration was again rising. “The office of the American Consul in O’Connell street, Dublin and its vicinity, [were crowded with] [a] large number of intending emigrants applying for passports to America… Nearly all the applicants were young people of both sexes from about twenty to thirty years of age…The emigrants were for the most part neatly attired, and appeared to be of an intelligent and respectable class of the population. The majority left for Liverpool where they will embark for the voyage across the Atlantic.
Mr. Jerh. Howard, an Irishman resident for twenty years in Omaha, Nebraska, … said he was more than surprised…to see the huge crowds of men and women waiting to get their passport vised for America. ‘It is a shame,’ he said, ‘for those people to be allowed to go across to swell the already overstocked labour market. We have four million demobilised soldiers over there waiting for jobs, and what chance had these greenhorns when they land unless they work for practically nothing, and get half-starved in the bargain.’ Mr. Howard opined that the young people emigrating were doing what the English Government wanted which was to flee Ireland and flood the labour markets abroad.” (Munster Express, Sat. 26 Feb. 1921, p. 2).
Although the Belfast Boycott commenced in mid-1920 it was ramping up in February 1921. The Belfast Boycott came about after 5,000 loyalist workers in the Belfast shipyards refused in July 1920 to work with perceived Sinn Féin supporters due to the attacks on R.I.C. officers. It is estimated that almost 7,000 employees were terminated from their posts. In response, the Belfast Boycott was instituted to protest against the treatment of the terminated workers and the proposed partition of Ireland. In February 1921 all local newspapers carried the following advertisement promoting the boycott. Just a month later the boycott would be extended to Great Britain and both boycotts continued after the truce was declared later in the year.
The featured photo was published in the Freeman newspaper in 1922 and depicts the Black & Tans in Droheda.
The drawing depicting 1920’s clothing is from the New York City Library, Digital Collection, Image ID 823771, available at https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e1-202b-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 .
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
The Very Rev. Mother Marie Gerard Phelan (1872-1960)
Today, we are going to feature an extraordinary woman who came from Ballyfacey, Glenmore, became an educator, the president of a college, and the Superior-General of the world wide Institute of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. Before Mother Marie Gerard entered religious life she was Anastasia Phelan the youngest daughter of John Phelan and his wife Catherine Phelan née Forristal of Ballyfacey, Glenmore. Anastasia was born on the 18th of January 1872. She died on the 22nd of March 1960.
Most of the information below was obtained from Mother Gerard’s obituaries in The Tablet (Brooklyn, N.Y., 26 March 1960, p. 15) and the Munster Express (Fri. 1 April 1960, p. 10); the obituary of her predecessor, Mother Marie Joseph Butler published in the Munster Express (Fri, 3 May 1940) and the biography provided by Fr. Michael Mernagh in Glenmore Times (2000, p. 42).
Early Education
As a child Mother Gerard attended Ballyfacey National School and went to secondary school at the Sacred Heart Convent at Ferrybank (Waterford). The noviciate at Ferrybank had been founded by her predecessor Mother Marie Joseph Butler (1860 -1940) another Kilkenny woman. Mother Gerard followed the steps of her older sister, Johanna Phelan (1862-1893) and entered the congregation of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Mary. Mother Gerard entered at the Mother House, Beziers, Southern France, and made profession in September 1895.
The early years of her religious life were spent at Seafield, Liverpool, England, where she received her training and began her teaching career. She made her final vows in 1901 in Seafield Convent. In 1907, she was transferred to New York, where she was closely associated with Mother Mary Joseph Butler in the founding of Marymount school which in 1919 became Marymount College for Women. “In those pioneering years of this great work Mother Gerard showed exceptional ability as an educator and organiser and ably assisted Mother Mary Joseph Butler in her arduous task as foundress of Marymount and later when Mother Joseph became the first Superior General” in 1926 (Munster Express, 1960). Mother Gerard became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1928.
Educator and Administrator
Widely known as an outstanding educator and administrator, Mother Gerard received her Ph.D. from the Jesuit Fordham University in 1922. She also pursued studies at Oxford, the Sorbonne and Catholic University of America. Working closely with Mother Butler, she revised in 1937 the entire course of studies for Marymount schools in order “to integrate it more realistically with women’s enlarging sphere of activities in a rapidly changing society.” (The Tablet, 1960)
Mother Gerard served as dean and later president of Marymount College. She was also named successively Superior and Provincial of the Institute’s North American Province, established in 1877 with the founding of the order’s first American school at Sag Harbor, Long Island. See generally, information on the history of the Community.
Elected Superior-General
In 1946, Mother Gerard was elected Superior-General at a General Chapter of the Institute at Beziers, France, to succeed Mother Butler who died in 1940. Unfortunately, due to the Second World War no General Chapter could be held until the war ended. Mother Gerard was re-elected to the office in 1952. Also in that year she was awarded an honorary LL.D. from Fordham University as the first of its graduates to be called to the government of a religious order spread over many parts of the world.
Mother Gerard was the sixth Superior-General since the congregation’s foundress, Mother St. Jean Cure-Pellisser. Under Mother Gerard’s guidance, the congregation expanded its educational activities in America and throughout the world, establishing 28 schools and colleges in Bogota, Medellin and Barranquilla, Colombia; Barcelona, Spain; London, England; Umtali, Africa; Dublin Ireland; Fatima, Portugal; Montpelier, France; Porto Alegre, Brazil; San Francisco and Los Angeles, California; Richmond and Arlington, Virginia; Quebec, P.Q; Cuernavaca, Mexico; St. Louis, Missouri; and Miami, Florida.
In 1947, the centenary of the congregation’s founding, Mother Gerard supervised the establishment of Marymount College’s City Campus in New York’s former Junior League building at 221 East 71st Street. During her tenure, Mother Gerard opened 32 houses and opened schools in 5 countries.
During Mother Gerard’s administration as Superior-General, she initiated the beatification of Pere Gailhac and Mother Burler formally to Pope Pius XII. Shortly after his elevation to the Pontificate, His Holiness Pope John XXIII, assumed the title of Cardinal Protector of the Institute of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary.
As the congregation’s executive administrator, Mother Gerard was active in her duties until her final illness. At her death she was engaged in planning further expansion of Marymount for her congregation. The congregation in 1960 operated 145 schools and colleges in 11 countries. In New York City area, there were 13 educational establishments administered by the religious order. Mother Gerard died at Tarrytown, New York and her funeral services were conducted by Cardinal Spellman. Mother Gerard was interred in the crypt beneath the Marymount Chapel, where Mother Butler was also interred.
Eventually Marymount College at Tarrytown became part of Fordham University and the University sold the campus. The Manhattan Marymount is still in operation. Update: Mother Gerard and Mother Butler were first cousins although it was not generally known in the congregation.
[Updated 29 Jan. 2021] Special thanks to Sr. Kathleen Connell, RSHM for the update and the photos of Mother Gerard and Mother Gerard and Mother Butler.
Further information and photos of Mother Gerard may be found on Findagrave .
The above photo marked Mother M. Gerard may be found on the Marymount Manhattan College webpage.
For further information concerning Mother Gerard’s family see, our post of 24 January 2021 regarding her brother Nicholas Forristal Phelan (1857-1941) and the family pages.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
100 YEARS AGO: January 1921
On the 23rd of December 1920, the long awaited Home Rule for Ireland became law, however the War of Independence was continuing with no sign of a truce. Below are some of the local events recorded in local newspapers 100 years ago.
CO. KILKENNY TRAGEDY—Mrs. Ryan, the heavily pregnant wife of Michael Ryan, Bridge St., Callan, Co. Kilkenny, was wounded on Tuesday evening of last week (21st of Dec.), and died Thursday (the 23rd of Dec.) in the local hospital, following an operation. Tuesday evening the residents of Callan were ordered to keep their houses closed and remain indoors while the funeral of Sergeant Thomas Walsh, killed in one of Monday’s ambushes, was passing through the streets. After the funeral passed Mrs. Ryan was letting a customer out of the door, a shot rang out, and Mrs. Ryan was wounded. A military inquest commenced on the 24th of December but was adjourned to gather witnesses. (Munster Express, Sat. 1 Jan. 1921, p. 6; Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 1 Jan. 1921, p. 4.) It was later determined that RIC Sergeant Thomas Walsh had been shot and killed by “friendly fire” from other Crown forces at the ambush on the 20th.
CO. KILKENNY PRIEST SENTENCED TO TWO YEARS IMPRIONMENT WITH HARD LABOUR—Rev. Patrick H. Delahunty (c. 1880-195) C.C. Callan, Co. Kilkenny was arrested the 4th of December 1920 for being in possession of seditious publications and documents likely to cause disaffection. Fr. Delahunty’s home had been searched on the 3rd of September 1920 and several documents were seized including letters from Dail Eireann, Department of Finance. One of the letters was signed by Michael Collins. After his arrest in December Fr. Delahunty was transferred from Kilkenny under military escort and tried by court martial in Waterford Prison on the 17th of December. On Christmas Eve he was sentenced to imprisonment for two years with hard labour. (Munster Express, 8 January 1921, p. 4; Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 18 Dec. 1920, p. 4)
After the sentence it was reported that Fr. Delahunty was transported to England, by military escort, but eventually it was reported that “[i]t has been intimated to Rev. Patrick H. Delahunty that the hard labour portion of the sentence has been remitted along with the fifth charge that he repudiated.” He always repudiated that he was an officer of the then unlawful association Sinn Fein. The article concluded, “He is still under hospital treatment in the Waterford prison, but is in good spirits.” (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 22 January 1921, p. 7) Thereafter, Fr. Delahunty was returned to Kilkenny gaol and remained there until he and 43 other political prisoners escaped by tunneling out of the goal in November 1921. (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 26 Nov. 1921) After the Irish Civil War Father Delahunty moved to Kansas, U.S.A. where he ironically became a chaplain of the penitentiary at Lansing, Kansas (Kansas City Times, 7 Nov. 1968, p. 13). For further information regarding Fr. Patrick Delahunty see, http://kilkennyarchaeologicalsociety.ie/father-patrick-delahunty/ . For further information regarding the escape from the Kilkenny gaol see, http://kilkennyarchaeologicalsociety.ie/kilkenny-jail-escape/ .
Bishop of Ossory’s Christmas Message—Most Rev. Abraham Brownrigg (1836-1928) Bishop of Ossory, on Christmas Eve, 1920 had a Christmas message read out in all churches of the diocese. The message was printed in the Kilkenny Moderator as well as the Munster Express. The following excerpts are from that message that was read out at Christmas mass in Glenmore and other churches.
“…Let us in the true spirit of Christian charity sympathise deeply with, and pray for, all those who have lost friends, relatives, or dependents, whose property has been destroyed, and whose prospects in life have been blighted and ruined for ever. If an opportunity should offer, and, if called upon, let us, as generously as we can, help them in their wants and privations.
Let us not forget and pray, too for the magnitude of our countrymen—the very flower of our youth and manhood—who are languishing at this Christmas time in jails throughout Great Britain and Ireland, that they may have strength to bear their suffering and privations and be soon restored to their homes and friends.
In the spirit of Christ-like forgiveness, let us pray also for the cruel men, who direct the present regime of death and destruction on our county, asking God to open their eyes to the wrong they do our people to stay their hand.”
AUXILIARIES & SINN FEIN FLAG–On Christmas Day three members of the auxiliary police force visited the City Hall Waterford, and demanded of the caretaker (Mrs. Collins) that the Sinn Fein flag which was flying over the building be taken down. Mrs. Collins informed them that none of the Corporate officials or employees were on the premises. Munster Express, Sat. 1 January 1921, p. 6.
EDITORIAL, IRELAND’S NEW YEAR—The following editorial appeared in the Waterford News & Star, summed up 1920 and expressed hope for 1921.
“1920 was a dark and desperate year for Ireland. But her resolution has been strengthened by the ordeal, and her spirit remains unbroken. Sinn Fein has won those victories of the heart and the intellect—victories such as that achieved by Terence MacSwiney—victories which prepare the body politic to make the best and highest uses of the material victory which is at hand. England’s foreign and domestic difficulties render an Irish Peace Conference and an Irish Peace Treaty essential to British interests. Industrial unrest grows apace in England, whilst her economic situation cause her serious thought. Abroad, she has India, where as Young Ireland put it in today’s issue, ‘her Redmond’s can no longer restrain the anger of centuries.’ In Turkey, Mesopotamia, and Egypt there is trouble for England. And there is her unpopularity in America and on the Continent, Ireland on the contrary, ‘has every reason to envisage the coming of the new year with gladness in her heart, for the dark hour which we traverse forebodes the dawn.’ We quote these last words from Young Ireland, which stands for what the Irish people voted for at the last general election—an Irish Republic.” Waterford News & Star, Fri. 7 Jan. 1921, p. 4.
Martial Law for Kilkenny—On the 4th of January 1921 martial law that had been imposed in Cork was expanded and imposed on various counties including Kilkenny. The terms were:
(a) All arms, ammunition, and explosives had to be surrendered by the 11th of January 1921. Any person in possession of same who was not a member of His Majesty’s armed forces or police forces, or who did not have a permit would be liable, on conviction by a Military Court, to suffer death.
(b) Wearing the uniform or equipment of His Majesty’s armed forces or police forces, or wearing similar clothing likely to deceive will be liable, on conviction by a Military Court, to suffer death. Being in possession of the banned items, on conviction by a Military Court, to suffer Penal Servitude.
“NOTE WELL: That a state of armed insurrection exists; that any person taking part therein, or harbouring any person who has taken part therein, or procuring, inviting, aiding or abetting any person to take part therein, is guilty of levying war against His Majesty the King, and is liable, on conviction by a Military Court, to suffer death.”
All Law Courts, Corporations, Councils and Boards are directed to continue to carry out their functions. Signed by General Macready, Commander-in-Chief the Forces in Ireland. (The Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 8 Jan. 1921, p. 3)
CURFEW—Further restrictions were applied. On the 11th of January, Major-General Strickland, Cork, the Military Governor, prohibited the use of motor cars, motor-bicycles, and pedal bicycles between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. in the martial law areas, which included the whole of Munster and Counties of Wexford and Kilkenny. (Munster Express, Sat. 15 Jan. 1921, p. 7) FUNERALS—During the funeral of Michael McGrath, one of the I.R.A. men killed outside of Tramore during the Pickardstown Ambush, only 40 persons were allowed to attend his funeral that proceeded from St. John’s Church in Waterford City to Carbally cemetery. Vehicles not containing immediate family members were prevented from joining the funeral procession. (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 14 Jan. 1921, p. 2) For details of the Pickardstown Ambush posted by Waterford County Museum see, https://www.facebook.com/waterfordcountymuseum/posts/10160809436494012
EARLY MORNING TROUBLE AT GLENMORE & ARRESTS—”Considerable unpleasant activity was evinced early yesterday morning (13th of January) in the little village of Glenmore and its surroundings. A large number of houses were visited and the male occupants ordered up from their beds. It is stated that two arrests were by the auxiliary. (Waterford News & Star, Fri. 14 January 1921, p. 4) GLENMORE MEN ARRESTED—Military arrested J. Walsh and J. Mernagh of Glenmore (Co. Kilkenny). The military were very active in Glenmore district on Thursday morning. (Munster Express, Sat. 15 Jan. 1921, p. 5).
ROBINSTOWN, GLENMORE: LANDLORD’S COUSIN IN THE NEWS—It is not clear why the story was newsworthy, but all local newspapers covered it. “Miss Ponsonby, a cousin of the Earl of Bessborough, has assumed the stage name of Ninette Corday, and is now playing in the Gaiety Theatre, London in Maeterlinek’s new fairy play. Miss Corday is the daughter of Mr. Arthur Ponsonby who died three years ago. Arthur was the brother of Lord Bessborough who died a few weeks ago.” (Waterford News & Star, Fri 14 Jan. 1921, p. 13)
COW KILLED BY TRAIN AT ALYWARDSTOWN, GLENMORE—At the Quarter Sessions in Kilkenny on Wednesday, the 26th of January 1921, Richard Delahunty, Glenmore claimed £50 damages from the Dublin and South Eastern Railway Company in respect of the killing of a heifer through the alleged negligence of the defendants or their servants. Plaintiff stated that in common with five other families he had a right of way across the railway line near Glenmore. There was a gate lodge at the level crossing, and on the 4th October he found one of his milch cows dead on the line, it having been run over by a goods train. Further evidence given included that of Stephen Heffernan, who valued the cow at £35. Richard Delahunty was awarded £30 damages. (Kilkenny Moderator, Sat. 29 Jan. 1921, p. 5). Thanks to Brian Forristal we know that Stephen Heffernan was very active at this time in the Old I.R.A. which begs the question why he traveled to Kilkenny regarding a neighbour’s cow. Was it an opportunity to pass messages or gather intelligence? For two stories regarding Stephen Heffernan from this time see Brian Forristal’s articles accessed via the guest author button on the home page.
The featured photo depicts the Waterford gaol or sometimes referred to as Waterford prison. It stood in Ballybricken until the 1940’s when he was demolished. A decade earlier several people were killed when one of its walls collapsed on adjacent houses. The photo is from the Munster Express.
The photograph of Bishop Abraham Brownrigg, of Ossory, taken from the Atlas and Cyclopedia of Ireland (1900) by the Library of Ireland available at https://www.libraryireland.com/Atlas/Bishop-Brownrigg-Ossory.php .
The photograph of Fr. Patrick Delahunty is from the Kansas City Times.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Rabbit Trapping in Glenmore
On Christmas Eve, while talking about when he was young, Danny Dowling (b. 1927) revealed that when he was a chap he trapped and sold rabbits. He recalled that they were a plentiful pest. “The fields were full of them and they ate anything and destroyed fields of crops.” While rabbits were plentiful hares were scarce. Danny sold the rabbits that he trapped to a man named Murphy who also bought fish. The business was located at the corner of Bridge Street and the Quay in New Ross. Danny recalled that the rabbits were sent off to England. Danny thought they were sent off to feed the men who worked in the coal mines during World War II. He recalled that when Clover Meats commenced it canned rabbit meat and that there were businesses that would come into an area to trap rabbits for a fee and then would make more money by selling the meat and skins of the rabbits they were paid to trap.
From newspaper accounts it appears that Clover Meats commenced operation in 1924. No reference could be found to the canning of rabbit by Clover Meats, however other factories were processing rabbit meat both for human and pet consumption. In the 1930’s and 1940’s there were lots of articles concerning the explosion in the rabbit population and the impact on farms, estates and even golf courses. A 1936 article in the New Ross Standard highlights the situation in Glenmore. “A Farmer’s Experience—There are many instances of the destruction that is being caused to crops by rabbits which are so numerous in many localities that they constitute a menace to the farmer.” A four acre field of barley in the Glenmore district had been so damaged by the rabbits that at the beginning of June the owner re-ploughed it and sowed turnips. “As soon as the turnips came up fairly strong the rabbits attacked the young plants and completely cleared the field.” (New Ross Standard, Fri. 31 July 1936, p. 3)
A couple of months later another article and an advertisement appeared in the New Ross Standard advising readers that there was a new buyer for trapped rabbits. “A NEW MARKET FOR RABBITS—An advt. by Fur Dyers. Ltd. Dublin, in this issue will be read with interest by most farmers. The rabbit pest has become a serious menace to agriculture in recent years and whole districts are so over-run with the little beasts that not only corn and roots, but grassland also has been eaten bare by them. Rabbits are very prolific. They breed from four to eight times a year, and the young rabbits in turn start breeding when they are six months old, so that only a mass attack on them will keep them in check. Fur Dyers, Ltd., are offering 8d. a pair for fresh trapped rabbits delivered at any railway station, and this profitable market should stimulate trapping in lands that are over-run with rabbits. They will take any number and pay carriage by passenger train. In these circumstances rabbit trapping should be a profitable side line not only for farmers, but for their labourers also.” (New Ross Standard, Fri 16 Oct 1936)
In 1938 there was an increase in the price of rabbits and it was becoming usual for the market price of pairs of rabbits to be reported in the newspaper. The New Ross Standard reported that the increase price for rabbits was proving a strong factor in the thinning of the population of the destructive rodents. The prices paid induced many persons to engage in hunting and trapping (New Ross Standard, Fri. 29 Dec. 1939 p. 8).
In Glenmore, Paddy Kennedy (1922-1997) of Rathinure, was in his late teens and engaged full time in rabbit trapping. Being the son of a local farmer he trapped on his own farm and neighbour’s farms. As an elderly man he often spoke of his days of rabbit trapping and told my husband Peter Walsh that at one point he got half a crown (30 d.) for a pair of rabbits and made £600 one season. Local speculation is that Paddy was able to accumulate a considerable sum from his rabbit trapping enterprise. Paddy would run his traps twice a night and early in the morning would load them onto his bicycle and cycle into New Ross where he sold the rabbits to Murphy the fish and rabbit buyer. Paddy said that he had rabbits hanging from his handlebars and crossbar. Today, Johnny Garvey, of Rathinure recalled that Paddy told him on one occasion Paddy was transporting so many rabbits the cross bar on his bicycle broke.
Unfortunately, with any endeavour where money is seen as easily acquired it wasn’t long before the newspapers were full of cases involving the theft of rabbit traps. Judge A. O’Donoghue, at the Rathangan District Court, Co. Kildare, in exasperation told two defendants who “borrowed” traps belonging to another man, “I never met a man yet who did not get into trouble over rabbit trapping.” The men had been charged with stealing 6 rabbit traps valued at 15s (Leinster Leader, Sat. 14 Aug. 1937, p 7).
After World War II broke out in 1939 there was an enormous increase in rabbit trapping. This was driven by the fact that game such as rabbit was not rationed in the UK and high prices were being paid for rabbits and rabbit skins (Larne Times (Co. Antrim, N.I.) Thurs. 18 Dec. 1941). In September 1941, both the Munster Express and the Waterford Standard carried a story concerning Paddy Kennedy (1922-1997) being charged with the theft of rabbit traps. It was alleged that between the 7th and 13th August Paddy stole 10 rabbit traps, valued at 2/4 each, belonging to James Rochford. One newspaper stated that Rochford lived in Robinstown and the other alleged he lived in Rochestown. Rochford is not a common name found in Glenmore, but we were able to locate his wife’s obituary from 1949. Per the obituary Mrs. M. Rochford died at the age of 40 at her home in Ballinamona, Slieverue. The family moved to Slieverue from Aylwardstown, Glenmore in 1938. Mary Rochford was a native of Clonroche, Wexford.
In 1941, after missing traps Rochford and his wife went into hiding from 3 o’clock in the morning until 6 a.m. on the 13th of August. They observed Paddy come along and pull up 5 traps. Paddy was represented by Mr. Halley, solicitor, who cross-examined Rochford. Rochford on cross stated that he was not really a professional trapper. Rochford also stated of Paddy, “I know the chap very well…I heard that last year that traps were stolen on Kennedy…The traps had belonged to a man named Ayre. I admit there is a trafficking in traps.” Both men testified that they purchased their traps from Ayers. Rochford’s wife (whose name is listed as Margaret in the court article) corroborated the testimony of her husband. Paddy testified that he purchased 48 traps the previous year and 24 had been stolen. On the night in question he placed his traps in John Power’s field in Rathinure and had no idea that Rochford had placed any traps in the field. He noted that Rochford was far from his home. Paddy showed the Court his traps and the marks he put on his traps with a file. It was noted that the marks on the allegedly stolen traps and the marks on Paddy’s traps were very similar. “The Justice in dismissing the case, said that the evidence was not entirely convincing that Kennedy had stolen the traps.” (Munster Express, Sat. 5 Sept. 1941, p. 6; Waterford Standard, Sat. 6 Sept. 1941, p. 1)
In December 1941 the New Ross Standard, (Friday 19 Dec. 1941, p. 8) reported that rabbit prices had fallen to 2s/6d per pair. Up until a few days previous the price was 4s/6d per pair. The article concludes, “[t]he prospect of a handy-easy earned revenue to supplement the meagre incomes found all sections of people traversing the hills and bogs at night time, to reap the unexpected financial return that bunny undoubtedly brought many.” It is doubtful that the men who worked like Paddy running traps twice a night thought that trapping was a “handy-easy earned revenue.”
We were able to locate the seller of the traps to Paddy Kennedy. Beginning around 1925 Alex Aird advertised his rabbit trapping service. As Danny explained trapping services would charge a small fee or seek free housing and sell the rabbits they trapped. Every year Aird advertised his services and the address provided in the adverts changed. Some examples of the advertisements are provided below. Notice in 1937 Aird was located in Glenmore.
1925—RABBIT TRAPPING WANTED. FARMERS IN CO. WEXFORD who want their rabbits killed and crops saved should write me at once; we give no trouble and no expense. Apply W. A. D. Aird. Trapper, Dunbrody, Arthurstown, Co. Wexford. (New Ross Standard, Fri. 1 May 1925).
1936– RABBIT TRAPPING WANTED—Any Farmer in Co. Wexford who will give me the sole right to kill his Rabbits, in return I am prepared to keep his crops clear of rabbits for 12 months. If I get sufficient support, I will move my men to Wexford and start operations at once.—Alex. Aird, Trapper, P.O. Mallow. (New Ross Standard, Fri 23 Oct. 1936)
1937—RABBIT TRAPPING WANTED—Now is the effective time to trap your rabbits before the young rabbits are out. We are prepared to trap a Farm, a Parish or a County, providing an empty house or accommodation for men is provided. Alex. Aird & Sons, TRAPPERS, Glenmore, Co. Kilkenny (Kilkenny People, 20 Feb. 1937, p. 1)
Special thanks to Johnny Garvey and Peter Walsh of Rathinure, Glenmore for sharing their memories of what Paddy Kennedy (1922-1997) said concerning his rabbit trapping enterprise.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
The 1937 Wedding of Etta Walsh of Glenmore Village
Most wedding announcements in the local newspapers in the early decades of the twentieth century provided very few details concerning the wedding reception, if any, and guests or gifts. A long article covering the marriage of Bridget Mary “Etta” Walsh published in the Munster Express on Friday the 19th of November 1937 (p. 8) is most unusual and provides an interesting glimpse into the wedding that took place a little over 80 years ago. In addition to details regarding the wedding reception, this article provides a long list of gifts the couple received from people across Glenmore parish and there are a few references to the political situation of the country. Included in the list of gifts the newlyweds received are “turkeys.” Special thanks to Kelvin Johnson Treacy for finding and sharing this detailed article.
Bridget Mary “Etta” Walsh, of Glenmore, was the only daughter of James “J.K.” Walsh (1891-1934) and Elizabeth “Lizzie” Walsh née Heffernan (1884-1955). The former premises of the Gaffney’s shop sometime prior to the 1911 census was acquired by the Heffernan family. In 1913 Lizzie married James Walsh, a farmer from Ballybrahee, Glenmore and they ran the business together until his untimely death in 1934 just three years before Etta’s wedding. Lizzie continued to run the business for several years eventually turning it over to her son Patrick “Eric” Walsh.
PRETTY WEDDING AT GLENMORE. (Munster Express, Fri, 19 Nov. 1937)
A pretty Ulster and Leinster alliance took place at St. James’s Church, Glenmore, on Monday morning last when members of two well-known Cavan and Kilkenny families were united in matrimony. The contracting parties were Garda Patk. J. Fitzpatrick, Barrack St., Waterford, and Miss Bridget Mary (Etta) Walsh, only daughter of Mrs. Elizabeth and the late Mr. J. K. Walsh, Glenmore. The ceremony was performed by Very Rev. Thos. Heffernan, C.P., Rector, St. Patrick’s Retreat, Wheatfield House, Crumlin Road, Belfast (uncle of the bride), who celebrated Nuptial Mass and imparted the Papal Blessing. He was assisted by Rev. W. Brennan, C.C, Glenmore. The best man was Mr. Hugh Fitzpatrick, Belturbet, Co. Cavan (brother of the bridegroom), and the bride, who was attired in oyster satin with tulle veil and shoes to tone, was attended by her cousin, Miss Mai McLoughlin, Tullow, Co. Carlow, who wore rust velvet with turban to match. The bride had as train-bearers her two little cousins, Teresa Heffernan and Maura Walsh, Glenmore, wearing pink taffeta frocks with Juliet caps. The bride, who was given away by her uncle, Mr. Martin Walsh, Ballybrahee, carried a bouquet of white and pink chrysanthemums, and her attendants mixed chrysanthemums. Miss Peggy Curran. Glenmore, presided at the organ, and during the ceremony sang Handel’s Largo, “O Love Divine,” in a beautiful and impressive manner, and as the happy couple walked down the aisle played the bridal march from Lochingrin.
A reception was subsequently held at the home of the bride’s mother, where over 60 guests were entertained to a sumptuous dejeuner. Mrs. Walsh, wearing black crepe-de-chine trimmed with gold applique, received the guests and conducted them to the spacious hall recently constructed by this enterprising family, and which was specially decorated for the occasion with a profusion of flowers and bunting.
Guests
Those present in addition to the bride and bridegroom were—Very Rev. T. Heffernan, C.P. (presiding) ; Rev. Wm. Brennan, C.C.; Mrs. E. Walsh, Glenmore (mother of the bride) ; Mr. and Mrs. M. Fitzpatrick, Belturbet (parents of the groom); Messrs Hugh and Ed. Fitzpatrick, do; Miss Anna Fitzpatrick. do; Sergt. Francis and Mrs. Fitzpatrick, Limerick; Messrs. Eric and Ml. Walsh, Glenmore; Mrs. M. Heffernan, N.T., do; Miss Minnie Heffernan, do; Miss M. McLoughlin , Tullow; Mrs. H. Curran, N.T., Glenmore; Miss Hetty Curran, do; Miss Peggy Curran , do; Miss M. Walsh, do; Miss N. Prendergast, do; Mrs. Fluskey, P.O., do: Mr. Frank Heffernan, do.. Mr. M. Hanrahan, do.; Mr. Ml. Heffernan, do; Garda J. Coakley, do; Garda K. Cummins, Waterford; Garda B. Gilsinan, do; Garda P. Dervan , do; Garda J. J. McCarthy, do; Mr. Con McLoughlin, Dublin; Mrs. Jack McLoughlin, Ballycullane, Co. Wexford; Mrs. Prendergast, The Quay, New Ross; Mr John Dunphy, Ballyverneen; Mrs. K. Forristal , do; Mr. Patk. Forristal, do; Miss Margt. Holden, Glenmore; the Misses Bridget and Mary Brennan, do; the Misses Mary and Nell Dillon, do; Miss Peggy Power, Jamestown; Mr. Martin Walsh, Ballybrahee; Mr. Patrick Walsh, do; Mrs. J. Dunphy, Ballyverneen ; Mrs. O’Mullane, Bannow, Co. Wexford; Mr. T. McGrath, Clonmel; Mr. Daniel Coady, Carrigcloney; Mrs. Coady, do; Mrs L. Dillon, Fahee; Mrs. E. Fitzgerald, Flemingstown; Mr. Wm. Fitzgerald, Weatherstown; Miss Mary Fitzgerald, do; the Misses Teresa Heffernan and Maura Walsh, Glenmore; Mr. and Mrs. M. Walsh, Ballybrahee; Mr. J. Cleere , Kilmacow; Mr. Ed. Dreelan, Waterford; Miss May Walsh, Poleberry, do: Miss Bridie Walsh, Waterford; Mr. Wm. Brophy, do; Miss Annie Brophy, do; etc., etc.
Toasts
Rev. Fr. Brennan, in proposing a toast to the health of the bride and bridegroom, referred to the great Gaelic traditions of Kilkenny and Cavan and said that both teams had gone down in the All-Ireland finals, but they would rise again. He welcomed the people from Cavan and paid a warm tribute to both families. In conclusion he wished the bride and bridegroom every joy in the future, and hoped that God would prosper them. Very Rev. Fr. Heffernan proposed the toast of the health of the visitors and said that as one who had spent over ten years in Belfast he had a great regard for his native Glenmore and was delighted to be associated with such a happy event. He paid a special tribute to Miss Peggy Curran for her beautiful singing during the ceremony and for the lovely music provided. He wished the happy couple every success in their wedded career. Mr. McLoughlin proposed the toast of “Eire,” and said if North and South could not be united politically they could at least be united in matrimony. Mr. John Dunphy also spoke, and the bridegroom, on behalf of Mrs. Fitzpatrick and himself, suitably replied amidst hearty applause.
A few enjoyable hours, followed , vocal items being contributed by Mrs. Curran, N.T.; Miss Peggy Curran, Gardai Cummins, Coakley and McCarthy; Mr. Hugh Fitzpatrick and Mr. Con McLoughlin, which were greatly appreciated. The happy couple later left by the 4-20 p.m. train from Waterford in route for Dublin, Belfast and London on the honeymoon, and were given a cordial send-off. At night large numbers of friends and well-wishers assembled at Glenmore to join in the wedding festivities and were royally entertained at the home of the bride, where dancing continued until early on Tuesday morning to the strains of the splendid music supplied by the Glenmore Band, directed by Mr. James Walsh. Songs and step-dancing items were interspersed throughout the programme, the social being thoroughly enjoyed by all present.
The bridegroom is a native of Belturbet, Co. Cavan, and has been attached to the Garda force since its inception, being at present Inspector of Public Service Vehicles at the Waterford-Kilkenny Divisional Headquarters, Barrack Street [Waterford], where he is very popular with his colleagues; and the general public. His bride comes of a well-known South Kilkenny family and is a popular figure amongst a wide circle of friends both in her native district and in Tramore, where she is the genial proprietress of the well-known “Prom Cafe.”
Perhaps the greatest tribute to the popularity of both was the beautiful array of expensive and serviceable wedding gifts which were on view at the bride’s home and were the synosure (sic) of all eyes. Congratulatory telegrams were received from the Rev. Mother and Community, Sacred Heart Convent, Ferrybank; Madame Martha, do; Thomas Power , Esq., The Quay, Waterford ; Jack McLoughlin, Ballyduff ; J. B. Hearne, Esq., Belfast; Mac. Giolla Brigde, Esq., Waterford.
LIST OF PRESENTS.
Included in the list of presents were the following—From bride to bridegroom, signet ring, engraved: bridegroom to bride, wristlet watch, engraved; bridegroom to bridesmaid leather handbag; Mrs. Elizabeth Walsh, Glenmore, half dozen pictures and coffee service ; Mr. A.H. Walsh, do, bed linen, brass candlesticks and match box holder; Mr. Eric Walsh, do., oak clock; Miss Maureen Walsh , do, table linen; Mr. and Mrs. Patk. Hanrahan, do, cutlery; Mr. and Mrs. D. Cody, Carrigcloney, silver dish and spoons; Dr. and Mrs. ‘ Coghlan, Newrath, fireside set; Garda Dervan, Waterford , silver entrée dish; Garda and Mrs. Naughton , do, silver fruit dish; Garda McCarthy, do, breakfast service; Garda K. Cummins, do., silver entree dish; Mr. P. Forristal, Ballyverneen, silver cake dish; Mr. J. Dunphy, do, silver-mounted salad bowl: Mrs. Donovan, Rosbercon, embroidered table cloth and serviettes; Miss M. Walsh, Graignakill, silk table cover; Mr. and Mrs. J. Hartley, Weatherstown, Irish linen table cloth; Miss Hartley, do, silk bedspread; Mrs. Mernagh, do, glass drinking set; Mrs. Holden, do, statue; Mr. and Mrs. M. Hoynes, Ballybrahee, set of carvers; Mr. and Mrs. M. Walsh, do, cheque; Mr. Thos. Heffernan, Carney Bay, Indian silk cloth and serviettes; Miss Stasia Heffernan, do, silver bowel; Mr. and Mrs. Greene, Jamestown, pyrex dish with silver stand; the Fitzgerald family, do, bed linen; Miss B. Power, do, cruet; Mrs. E. Power, do, crucifix; Mrs. Curran, N.T., Robinstown, tea service; Miss P. Curran, do, hand-painted picture: Mrs. Bevans, do, bed linen; Mrs. Power, do, bed linen; Miss M. Walsh, do, Irish linen table cloth; the Misses O’Neill, Slievecorrig, linen table cloth; the Sparks family, Tramore, coffee set; Miss May Power, Waterford, silk lingerie; the Misses Kiely, Upton and Walsh, do, dinner mats; the Misses Bridie and May Walsh, do, bed linen ; Mr. Ed. Dreelan, do, ivory-handle carvers; Garda. B Gilsenan, do, staghorn handle carvers; Mr. and Mrs. Barry, do, cut-glass rose bowel; Dean Walsh, Australia, crystal manicure set; Very Rev. T. Heffernan, C.P., Belfast, leather suit case and cigarette case; the Rev. Mother, S.H.M. Convent, Ferrybank, night dress case; Madame Martha, do, hand-embroidered tea cosy and table runner; Val and Maisie Connolly, New Ross, fancy fruit dish; P. J. Connolly, do, candlesticks; Mrs. Prendergast, do, altar set; R. Heffernan and family, Killarney, coffee service; Mrs. Doolan, Glenmore, 21-piece tea set; Mrs. Fluskey, do, brush and comb set; Miss Minnie Heffernan, do, dinner service; Mrs. Hennessy, do, silver serviette rings; Garda and Mrs. Coakley, do, taffeta bedspread; Mrs. P. Dowling, do., blankets; the Heffernan family, do, armchair; Mrs. Cuddihy, do, butterfly-wing tray; Miss Molly Walsh, do, tea cosy ; the Brennan family, do, dressing gown; the Jones family, do, Irish linen tablecloth ; Mr. F. Heffernan, do, bed linen; Mrs. A. Forristal, do, hand-embroidered tea cloth; Miss A. Bergin, do, lingerie set; Mrs. Mernagh, do, dressing table set; the Cassin family, do, lingerie set; the Creamery Staff, do, Irish linen table cloth; Miss K. Mullins, Flemingstown, bedspread: Mrs. Fitzpatrick and family, Belturbet, Beleek china; Mr. and Mrs. Graham , do, cutlery; Mr. and Mrs. J. O’Reilly, do, silver cake dish; Mr. and Mrs. Murtan, do, cut-glass drinking set; Mr. and Mrs. J. Blake, Main St., Wexford, hand-embroidered tea cloth and serviettes ; Sergeant and Mrs. Mullane, Bannow, tea cosy: Sergeant and Mrs. Fitzpatrick, Kilmeedy, Limerick, case of cutlery; Miss M. Fitzgerald , Weatherstown, bedroom toilet set; Miss Polly Power, Busherstown, crepe-de-chine handkerchiefs ; Miss H. Walsh, do, bed linen; Miss Bridget Murphy, Mullinahone, silver mounted jam dish; Mrs. Gordon, do, cruet; Mrs. Murphy, do, statue, Infant of Prague; Mrs. P. Walsh, do, point-lace clothes; Miss Peggy Power, Jamestown, bed linen; Mrs. J. Cottrell, Ballycroney, bed linen; Mr. L. Hennessy, do, tea cosy; Mr. and Mrs. J. McLoughlin, Ballycullane, eiderdown; Miss B. Cardiff, Sally and Mary McLoughlin, do, turkeys; Mr. and Mrs. Conran, do., chenille table cloth and house shoes; Miss Babs Sinnott, do, embroidered table cloth; Mr. J. Scanlon, Glenmore, tea pot; the Cody family, do, cut-glass rose bowel; Mr. J. McLoughlin, Tullow, blankets; Miss M. McLoughlin, do, eiderdown; Mr. Con McLoughlin, Dublin , oil painting; Messrs. Holden and Hanrahan, New Ross, pair of cushions; Miss Margaret Gaule, Slievecorrig, cut-glass fruit dish; Mr. T. McGrath, Russellstown, Clonmel, tea cosy; Messrs. Jameson and Co., Jewellers, Dublin, cut-glass salad bowl; Miss M. Holden, Clune, bed linen; Miss Margt. Holden, do, night-dress case; the Misses Kelly, Graiguakill, bed linen; Mr. P. O’Connell, Mallow, tea cosy; Mrs. Hehir, Carrick-on-Suir , manicure set., etc.. etc.
Five months after their marriage the groom was notified that he was transferred to Ballinasloe, Co. Galway after having served three years in Waterford. “He did not come into very close contact with the public in the ordinary way as a Guard, because of the fact that his principal work was in connection with the examination and testing of motor lorries and cars under the Road Act regulations. These tasks he carried out with great efficiency and success, and in the courts was regarded as an expert in all matters relating to the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and their proper conditioning for use on the roads. ” (Waterford Standard, 16 April 1938)
Further details regarding the Heffernan and Walsh family members can be found on the family and obituary pages.
The feature photo is Glenmore Village taken between 1920 and 1925. This photo can be dated because the Glenmore Barrack’s roof is missing. The JK Walsh shop is the large, long white building. The taller building to the left in the photo is the old Gaffney mill.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh
Early Glenmore Business Newspaper Advertisements [Updated]
While searching local newspapers various advertisements for Glenmore businesses, or businesses belonging to people from Glenmore, were found. Prior to 1925 there were very few advertisements, however several were located in local newspapers in the late 1930’s. For a short article on Glenmore Village in the 1930’s see, https://glenmore-history.com/glenmore-village-in-the-1930s/.
The following two ads were found together in the Munster Express of 16 December 1938. The J.K. Walsh shop and hall was the former premises of the Gaffney shop and mill. Locally Mrs. E. Walsh was called Lizzie J.K.
The Fluskey shop housed the second post office of Glenmore, was the place of the first telegraph and later the Glenmore telephone exchange. Robert Fluskey died in 1925, thus his sons who later ran the business appeared to have continued to leave the business in their father’s name. For details regarding Robert Fluskey see, https://glenmore-history.com/glenmore-businessman-robert-fluskey-1843-1925-and-the-sisters-of-charity-of-the-incarnate-word/.
The above ad for the Glenmore Creamery was found in the 15 December 1939 Munster Express. This ad confirms that the Glenmore Creamery had the second telephone in Glenmore. Danny Dowling earlier this month stated that he believes that the Glenmore parish priest was Glenmore 1.
The above ad for Pat Hanrahan’s shop in Glenmore Village was published in the Munster Express on 15 December 1939. For information on the Hanrahan Brothers who were reared in Glenmore and ran businesses in Glenmore Village and New Ross see, https://glenmore-history.com/michael-j-hanrahan-1888-1968-struggled-along/ and https://glenmore-history.com/michael-j-hanrahan-1888-1968-early-twentieth-century-gaelic-football-on-both-sides-of-the-atlantic/.
The ad below was also published in the same newspaper in 1939.
The following two ads were published in the New Ross Standard on 17th of December 1937 for two different businesses in New Ross owned and operated by two of the Hanrahan brothers raised Glenmore.
[Update 22 June 2021: At Christmas 2020 Danny Dowling remarked that the Holden that was in business with Hanrahan in New Ross was originally from Clune, Glenmore and P.N. O’Gorman was connected to Glenmore. ]
[Update 22 June 2021: At Christmas 2020 Danny Dowling remarked that the Holden that was in business with Hanrahan in New Ross was originally from Clune, Glenmore and P.N. O’Gorman was connected to Glenmore. William Aylward was a native of Parkstown, GLenmore and operated a grocery/pub in Waterford in the early 20th century.]
Lastly, there were some earlier ads found that are not directly related to Glenmore, but are interesting. For example, below is an ad for the Michael F. Murphy Company of Kilkenny. This ad was published in the Kilkenny People in 1907 and reflects the wide range of services offered from furniture removal and warehousing to steamship agent.
However, the strangest ad found from an early 20th century newspaper was found in the Munster Express of Saturday the 12th of October 1901 on page 6.
OLD FALSE TEETH BOUGHT—many people have old or disused false teeth. Send your teeth to R.D. and J.H. Fraser, Ltd., Princes St. Ipswich (estab. 1833), and they will remit the utmost value by return, or make you best offer. Largest and oldest buyers of old false teeth anywhere in the world.
In attempting to find out when the Fraser Company of Ipswich may have ceased trading in the buying of old false teeth the below sign was found. The sign indicates that R.D. & J.B. Fraser engaged in more trade than just the buying of old false teeth.
Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh