Civil War

Two hundred and seventy-three years after Cromwell bombarded Waterford City, in July 1922 Waterford City again came under siege. After a four day battle the City fell to the Free State Troops and the Republican, or anti-Treaty forces, that had previously controlled the City were ousted. The account of the siege below is extracted from an article that appeared in the Munster Express (Sat. 22 July 1922, p. 6) and readers may recognise several of the landmarks and buildings that came under fire.

When the Civil War broke out in Dublin in June, the Republican troops in charge of Waterford City took precautions and nightly raised the drawbridge that spanned the River Suir and connected Waterford City to Kilkenny. The Republican troops also commandeered motor cars, clothing and other necessities. They isolated the city by removing the wireless apparatus from the barracks as well as from three of the steamers in the port. Systematically newspapers from Dublin and England were destroyed.

Sunday 16 July 1922

On Sunday the 16^th of July, word reached the Waterford City Republican forces that the Free State forces had left Kilkenny City bound for Waterford. The Republican forces raised the bridge at 8 p.m. instead of Midnight and ordered the vessels docked on the Kilkenny side of the river to move to the Waterford side.

Tuesday 18 July 1922

Tuesday the bridge remained closed and was only opened at about 1:30 p.m. to allow a funeral to proceed to County Kilkenny. Large numbers of people assembled on the quays as it was believed that the Free State forces were near Waterford. People and goods arriving at the train station were ferried across the river on boats. About 6:50 p.m. Free State troops were seen on the brow of the hill over Sallypark.  The crowds were startled by the loud report of machine gun and rifle fire from the Republican forces in Waterford City. As a result one of the Free State volunteers, named Costeloe, was wounded. He became the first casualty of the Battle for Waterford when he died on Thursday in the Infirmary.

The Free State troops returned fire and from 7 to 10 p.m. sniping across the river continued. The Republicans in the city took over the following buildings: Adelphia Hotel, Country Club, Reginald’s Tower, Granville Hotel, Munster Express Office, Andrew Farrell’s corn stores and S. Phelan’s stores. Amazingly large crowds remained on the quays watching the cross fire…”at this juncture the people did not fully appreciate the danger to which they were exposing themselves…”

Wednesday 19 July 1922

On Wednesday morning sniping resumed. When the Republican forces observed activity on the Kilkenny side of the river machine guns rattled from the jail. The Free State troops brought an 18 pounder field gun (artillery) into position across the Golf Links and placed it on a rock overlooking the city.

At 10:40 a.m. the first shots of the bombardment by artillery were fired into Waterford city. It started with a couple of range finding shrapnel shells but the Free State troops quickly moved on to high explosive shells. The targets were the military barracks and the jail at Ballybricken. “Many houses in Barrack street, in the immediate vicinity of the barrack had been evacuated, and later many people in the neighbourhood of the barracks and jail took refuge in Tramore.” In total thirty-six shells were fired on Wednesday most of them were direct hits. However, some shells fell on the Hurley home in Jail street blowing away the roof and chimney. Mrs. Nolan directly opposite the Infantry Barracks suffered a large hole in the front of her house while the Little Sisters of the Poor Convent on Bunker’s Hill had a large portion of their side walls collapse from a shell hit. The Ursuline Convent grounds received two shells but they caused no damage.

In the evening the shells were directed toward the two military barracks. The Republicans evacuated the buildings. After they left a large group of people entered and set fire to the buildings and began looting. A mine in the Infantry Barracks  exploded resulting in four casualties “and this had the effect of temporarily suspending the proceedings.”

After dark on Wednesday a number of troops under Captain Mackey, Chairman of the Clonmel Board of Guardians, went three miles downriver to Giles Quay. By boat they crossed over to the Waterford side of the Suir. While the Republicans lay in wait to ambush the party on the road to Waterford, Mackey and his men worked their way along the river bank. At a house about 100 yards to the rear of the County Club they entered and set up a machine gun to cover the principal windows of the Adelphi Hotel. Entering through the back of the County Club Mackey and his men surprised the sentry and took the Club’s garrison prisoner from their beds without a shot being fired. Creeping over the wall between the County Club and the Adelphi Hotel the hotel garrison was also captured in the same fashion.  They next moved onto the adjoining Steamship Offices and again captured the sleeping Republicans.

The Imperial Hotel was captured by 12 men, but no armed men were found there. Although a Red Cross flag was posted on the building no doctor or patients were present. The Free State troops then went to Reginald’s Tower but found it was empty. The Republicans vacated leaving behind a large quantity of arms and ammunition.

Thursday 20 July 1922

On Thursday morning the Republican garrison continued to hold the GPO, the Granville Hotel, Ballybricken jail and some sniping posts on the Quay. Having captured the positions on the Mall the Free State troops turned their attention to the Post Office.  After extensive small arm and machine gun fire into and from the Post Office six shells were lobbed into the building by the Free State Troops across the river. The Republican garrison abandoned the Post Office and some retreated under fire to the Granville Hotel. Some of this group entered the Granville and others went into Bolger’s Grocery Shop on Barronstrand Street.

The Free State troops continued along the Quay. During the bombardment of the Granville 18 Republicans were captured including Jerry Cronin, Commandant of the Republicans in the City. Bolger’s premises came under attack and was captured by the Free State troops. A group of citizens watched from Cinema corner.

Friday 21 July 1922

Friday morning the Republicans still held Ballybricken Jail, some houses in Ballybricken and Barrack streets and a few sniping posts on the Quay. In the early afternoon the 18 pounder was put into a position near the Ferrybank railway station. While attempting to set up the artillery piece heavy fire was raining down from the jail. Sergent Howlett, a young Free State soldier from Duncannon district, jumped onto a Lancia car with a Lewis gun and though bullets were striking all around him he repeatedly fired on the jail giving the gunners time to move the 18 pounder. Howlett was eventually killed.

Five shells were lobbed into the centre of the jail and the garrison of 15 evacuated via Chapel Lane. As the Republicans left the looters moved in. Within 20 minutes the Free State troops were at the jail and began to deal with the looters. The jail was the last Republican stronghold and “by evening practically normal conditions had been restored within Waterford.”

It isn’t clear from the newspaper account when the Free State troops lowered the bridge but there is an account that the operation had to be performed by hand because part of the machinery had been removed. It took some hours to lower the bridge by hand, so while the work was in progress the Free State troops raked the hill opposite with machine gun and rifle fire to prevent snipers from firing on the men lowering the bridge.

Throughout the battle volunteers distributed milk and bread to citizens of the City who did not flee the fighting. Within a few days the railways were working again and the Post Office, and searches by the Free State troops were carried out for loot taken.

Casualties

The following casualties were listed in the Munster Express:
[1] John Joseph Dwan, a native of Portarlington, married aged 25, shot dead in Olaf Street, near the Franciscan Church on Wednesday.
[2] William Long (40) a carpenter of Bath Street Waterford. Shot in the head on Wednesday near the Catholic Cathedral;
[3] Martin Flynn (14) of 88 Doyle Street, was badly burned on his face and hands by the explosion at the Infantry Barracks;
[4] John Grant (17) of Thomas’s Avenue, suffered injury to his legs by the same explosion;
[5] Thomas Costello, of the Upper Yellow Road, was wounded in the left arm on the Quay on Wednesday; [6] Patrick Kiely (18) of Brown’s lane, was seriously wounded in the neck by a bullet which “cut close to his to his spinal column;
[7] Patrick Cullen [23] of 5 Francis Court was knocked down by a motor car and badly injured;
[8] Michael Keeffe (66) of Bachelor’s  Walk suffered a bullet wound;
[9] William McBride, a fitter on the GSWR and native of Thurles, received a bullet wound in his leg at North Station on Wednesday morning;
[10] Michael Callaghan (23) of Mayor’s Walk, was badly burned all over his body by the explosion in the Infantry Barracks;
[11] Mary Hearne (15) of Shortcourse, was seriously injured losing part of a foot and suffering severe burns at the Infantry Barracks explosion;
[12] James Dalton (19) of Barrack Street and
[13]  George Calvin of Sallypark was injured in a “motor accident.”
[14] John Doyle was wounded in the Post Office shortly before it was evacuated. He received wounds in the face, mouth, nose and hands but it was reported that he was expected to recover;
[15] Michael Callaghan of Mayor’s Walk, died in the City and County Infirmary on Saturday from injuries received in the explosion of the Infantry Barracks magazine;
[16] Emily Decourcy (10) of Miller’s Marsh, died in the Infirmary on Sunday afternoon. During a lull in the fighting on Friday she went up to get bread and she was shot through the stomach near the jail;
[17] Volunteer McCarthy, of the Free State forces, a native of Slate Quarries, Carrick-on-Suir, was struck by a bullet which lodged in his knee on Friday while clearing looters away from the jail;
[18] Martin Flynn, of Doyle Street, was shot in the side outside the jail on Friday evening, but received only a flesh wound;
[19] William Stafford, (aged 13 1/2) of Monastery Street, had two fingers and half of his right thumb blown off on Friday when he picked up a detonator which he picked up in the Infantry Barracks;
[20] Michael Walsh was wounded in the hand by a richochetting (sic) bullet, and some of his tendons were severed;
[21] J. McGrath (33) of Peter Street was shot through the stomach on the Quay and died in the Infirmary; [22] Patrick Hutchinson (40) of Ballybricken, a single labourer was shot through the stomach and also died in the Infirmary;
[23] Michael Cuddehy (16), Newport’s Lane was admitted to the hospital with a bullet wound in the leg; [24] Volunteers Howlett and [25] Costello were killed in the advance on Waterford and were buried in their respective counties of Wexford and Tipperary.

For further information on local events in July 1922 see our blog post of 11 July 2022.

Please send any corrections or additional information to glenmore.history@gmail.com. The featured photo above is from the Handbook for the Q.F. 18-pr. gun, Mk. IV on carriages, field, Mks. III, IIIt, III and IV (Land Service), 1921 courtesy of the State Library of Victoria.

Dr. Kathleen Moore Walsh